Assessing geobiosphere work of generating global reserves of coal, crude oil, and natural gas

A teacher of ours used to say, “Like ice in a fire, something for nothing you will never acquire”, which is a poetic equivalent of “there is no such a thing as a free lunch”. Human economies are dependent on high quality fossil fuels and will likely continue depending on them for some time to come. Value of a resource is not only what one pays for it, or what can be extracted from it, but also value can be attributed to the “effort” required in its production. In this analysis we apply the emergy synthesis method to evaluate the work invested by the geobiosphere to generate the global storages of fossil energy resources. The upgrading of raw resources to secondary fuels is also evaluated. The analysis relies on published estimates of historic, global net primary production (NPP) on land and oceans, published preservation and conversion factors of organic matter, and assessments of the present total global storages of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Results show that the production of coal resources over geologic time required between 6.63E4 (±0.51E4) seJ/J and 9.71E4 (±0.79E4) seJ/J, while, oil and natural gas resources required about 1.48E5 (±0.07 E5) seJ/J and 1.70E5 (±0.06E5) seJ/J, respectively. These values are between 1.5 and 2.5 times larger than previous estimates and acknowledge a far greater power of fossil fuels in driving and shaping modern society.     

Local Dirt,Global Dreams: Mining investment and land use change in Arizona

A central problematic for researchers working at the interface of economic and environmental change is the development of research designs and methodologies that can satisfactorily link economic processes of global reach (such as direct investment) to environmental change at local and regional scales. This article reviews recent efforts to couple economic and environmental change and finds that relatively little effort has been made to use the direct investment process as a means of linking industrial restructuring to land use change. The article argues that direct investment, when conceptualised as a political-economic process involving the assemblage of a package of rights (to land, water, pollution permits etc), can be an effective vehicle for tracing through the impacts of industrial restructuring on local environments. To develop this analytical approach, an empirical case of mineral investment in the Gila Valley of eastern Arizona is presented. The case study identifies the acquisition of land and water rights as central strategic issues for mineral firms seeking to make investment, and traces through the impact of these acquisition strategies on existing patterns of land ownership and land use.     

河南省灾害区域背景及减灾对策研究

从灾害史料中，可以看出河南灾害的严重性，进而论述了河南省灾害区域成灾背景，最后针对河南省灾害现状，提出了减灾对策建议。     

An Evaluation of Daumod Model in Estimating Urban Background Concentrations

This article presents an evaluation of the performance of the urban atmospheric dispersion model (DAUMOD) in estimating nitrogen oxides (NO_x) background concentrations in Copenhagen. Estimations of hourly average (averaged over a year), mean daily and mean monthly concentrations of NO_x are compared with observed values for two years of data. The model slightly underestimates low hourly average values and overestimates high values. The cumulative frequency distribution of mean daily concentration obtained from model estimations is in good agreement with the obtained from observed data. We performed a statistical analysis to determine the agreement between estimated and observed concentration values. The results show that 95.8% of hourly average estimations, 86.8% of mean daily and 100% of monthly average concentrations are within a factor of two of the observed values. The normalised mean square error of predictions is +0.13 for hourly average estimations, +0.22 for mean daily values and +0.02 for monthly mean concentrations. The fractional bias values are: –0.049 for hourly mean estimations, –0.047 for mean daily values and –0.053 for monthly average estimations. The values of the statistical parameters allow us to consider that though estimations are lightly larger than the observed values, the model performance is acceptable.     

谈规划环评中环境背景分析和影响预测的时间跨度

根据规划环境影响评价的理论和规划环境影响评价实践中得到的启示,在充分认识规划环境影响评价不仅具有空间范围,还具有时间跨度特点的基础上,探讨规划环境影响评价中考虑时间跨度的必要性,以及环境背景分析和环境影响预测中考虑时间跨度的评价和预测思路。     

土壤元素背景值的研究——以南方某区域为例

依据南方某区域农业地质与生态地球化学调查取得的区域地球化学资料,按照不同土壤类型求取了研究区的土壤元素背景值,并分别与该区域所在省和全国平均水平进行横向和纵向比较,进而对研究区土壤中各元素及指标的丰缺状况进行分析,从而对现有土壤利用状况作出评价,为该地区土壤污染评价和治理修复提供了重要的地球化学依据,也为农业环境的规划和相应标准的制定提供了基础资料.     

气体稳定同位素比质谱法分析本底大气CO2的δ13C和δ18O

将商用MAT253稳定同位素比质谱仪、Airtrap高效预浓缩气体捕集阱与自加工16口自动进样器集成,建立了高精度气体稳定同位素比质谱分析系统,用于程序化自动分析本底大气CO2的δ13C和δ18O.气样分析时用工作标气定量并穿插目标气测定,还定期用实验室上一级标气对工作标气和参比气进行标校,以保证分析结果的可靠和可比.结果表明,利用不同稳定同位素比范围的标气重复进样测试,发现该系统对δ13C和δ18O的分析精度分别优于0.03‰和0.06‰,能基本满足本底大气CO2的碳氧稳定同位素比分析需求和WMO/GAW质量目标.     

福建省扁担洋矿区赋煤地层地质特征及资源潜力分析

在充分收集前人地质成果以及邻近矿区地质资料的基础上,分析福建扁担洋矿区含煤地层特征、赋煤构造条件,结合以往地质工作及少量野外地质调查综合分析认为:扁担洋矿区具有一定的煤炭资源潜力,投入适量勘查工作,有望发现较好的煤矿资源。     

噪声监测的常见问题探讨与思考

针对目前在噪声监测过程中存在的一些常见问题,结合实际工作经验,提出了解决这些问题的方法和建议。     

龙岩市PM10排放源污染元素富集因子分析

以福建省A层土壤元素背景值作为参考背景值,以Ti作为参考元素,应用富集因子分析方法对龙岩市内6种PM10主要排放源（道路尘、扬尘、钢铁厂尘、水泥厂尘、机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘）的污染元素进行了分析。分析结果表明,龙岩市各PM10排放源均存在着不同程度的污染元素富集污染现象,这些元素的富集污染程度易受人类活动的影响,并经过长时间的积累在城区内富集,使得城区内PM10的污染现象突出。研究结果为龙岩市大气环境治理提供了科学依据,有利于区域大气环境质量的改善。