Eco‐hydraulic Evaluation of a Whitewater Park as a Fish Passage Barrier

Whitewater parks (WWPs) typically consist of instream structures that enhance recreational boating by constricting flow into a steep chute that generates a hydraulic jump in a downstream pool. Concerns have been raised that high velocities resulting from WWPs may be inhibiting fish movement during critical life stages. We evaluated the effects of WWPs on upstream fish passage by concurrently monitoring fish movement and hydraulic conditions at three WWP structures and three adjacent natural control (CR) sites in a wadeable river in northern Colorado. Fish movement was tracked with a network of Passive Integrated Transponder antennas over a 14‐month period. Individual fishes (n = 1,639), including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tagged and released within WWP and CR sites. Detailed hydraulic conditions occurring during the study period were evaluated with a fully 3D model. Results reveal the WWPs monitored in this study are not a complete barrier to upstream salmonid movement, but differences in passage efficiency from release location range from 29 to 44% in WWP sites and 37 to 63% for CR sites and the suppression of movement is related to body length. Small numbers of monitored nonsalmonids were inadequate to directly observe effects on their movement; however, it is highly probable that movement of smaller native fishes is also suppressed. Hydraulic modeling helps in the design of WWP structures that protect fish passage.     

控制酸性矿山废水的污泥屏障压缩特性

污泥屏障通过物理拦截以及化学作用可以有效控制重金属离子迁移,采用污泥屏障处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)已被证明具有可行性.作为尾矿渣处置场屏障的主体材料,研究污泥压缩特性很有必要.实验结果表明,对于含水率相同的压实污泥试样,孔隙比随干密度增大而减小,最终趋于1;干密度相同的试样,最优含水率的孔隙比随应力增大减小最快.试样压缩系数随干密度增大而减小,随含水率增大先增大后减小,最优含水率的压缩系数为0.8 MPa-1.AMD溶液作孔隙液能提高试样压缩系数.通过对比分析有机质土的压缩特性,为以后的深化研究提供相关参数支持.     

Effects of initial iron corrosion rate on long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers: Column experiments and numerical simulation

Column experiments and numerical simulation were conducted to test the hypothesis that iron material having a high corrosion rate is not beneficial for the long-term performance of iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) because of faster passivation of iron and greater porosity loss close to the influent face of the PRBs. Four iron materials (Connelly, Gotthart-Maier, Peerless, and ISPAT) were used for the column experiments, and the changes in reactivity toward cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) degradation in the presence of dissolved CaCO₃ were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the difference in distribution of the accumulated precipitates, resulting from differences in iron corrosion rate, caused a difference in the migration rate of the cis-DCE profiles and a significant difference in the pattern of passivation, indicating a faster passivation in the region close to the influent end for the material having a higher corrosion rate. For the numerical simulation, the accumulation of secondary minerals and reactivity loss of iron were coupled using an empirically-derived relationship that was incorporated into a multi-component reactive transport model. The simulation results provided a reasonable representation of the evolution of iron reactivity toward cis-DCE treatment and the changes in geochemical conditions for each material, consistent with the observed data. The simulations for long-term performance were also conducted to further test the hypothesis and predict the differences in performance over a period of 40 years under typical groundwater conditions. The predictions showed that the cases of higher iron corrosion rates had earlier cis-DCE breakthrough and more reduction in porosity starting from near the influent face, due to more accumulation of carbonate minerals in that region. Therefore, both the experimental and simulation results appear to support the hypothesis and suggest that reactivity changes of iron materials resulting from evolution of geochemical conditions should be considered in the design of iron PRBs.     

低温等离子体与催化剂联用降解空气中低浓度的苯

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)与催化剂(MnO2,TiO2)联用降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6)。考察了苯的转化率、产物选择性、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系。研究发现,苯的转化率随能量密度的增加而增加,当注入DBD反应器的能量密度为1200J/L时,等离子体协同催化剂MnO2氧化苯的转化率达到了92%。苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),进而阐述了其氧化机理。当能量密度为430J/L时,在催化剂MnO2,TiO2存在的条件下,能量效率分别达到了0.062与0.043mol/kWh。     

北运河闸坝区水体氨氧化微生物及硝化活性特征研究

采用分子荧光定量PCR对北运河闸坝区(上游沙河闸和下游杨洼闸)水体中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因拷贝数进行定量测定,并研究了闸坝设置和排污口污水排放对AOB的amoA基因拷贝数,硝化活性(NA)和氮素转化的影响.结果表明,1在沙河闸段,AOB的amoA基因拷贝数呈现先上升后下降,排污口处又显著上升的空间变化特征,其变化范围为(1.84±0.09)×10~8~(7.12±0.36)×10~8copies·L~(-1),排污口处最高;在杨洼闸段,amoA基因拷贝数呈现先上升后下降最后趋于平稳的空间变化特征,其变化范围为(3.05±0.15)×10~8~(6.83±0.34)×10~8copies·L~(-1),下游100 m处最高.闸坝的设置和排污口污水的排放对AOB的amoA基因拷贝数和空间分布具有显著影响.2硝化活性(NA)的空间变化特征与AOB的变化特征相同.闸坝的设置和污水排放能促进水体的硝化过程,加快污染物质的降解.3沙河闸排污口处排放的NH_4~+-N可以作为AOB生长的氮源,提高硝化活性,加快NH_4~+-N全向NO_3~--N的转化,促进硝化过程的完全进行;杨洼闸段闸门的开启导致溶解氧的升高和内源NO_3~--N的释放,为AOB的生长提供氮源,提高硝化活性,但造成了NO_2~--N的积累.     

加强环境保护打破绿色贸易壁垒

本文通过分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响，从政府和企业的角度提出了相关的政策建议。     

石化炼制企业噪声治理探讨

文章通过对石油化工炼制企业噪声的分析,相对不同场所噪声源进行不同治理方案的探讨,就某石化公司典型装置蒸馏装置为例进行噪声源及相应的治理方案分析,选择在临厂界处建设隔声屏障,对声源进行有效的阻隔,监测结果表明:隔声屏障起到了有效的隔声降噪作用,厂界噪声达GB 12348-2008《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》。     

介质阻挡放电等离子去除PFOA的影响因素及机制研究

采用介质阻挡放电等离子对全氟辛酸(PFOA)进行降解研究,考察了PFOA初始浓度、放电峰-峰值电压、溶液初始p H及初始电导率对PFOA降解的影响.结果表明介质阻挡放电等离子对PFOA具有良好的降解效果.在峰-峰值电压为14 k V,初始电导率为50μS·cm-1条件下,2h脱氟率可达48.43%.TOC去除符合伪一级反应动力学,速率常数为0.4075 h-1,去除率达53.30%,投加羟基自由基(·OH)捕获剂实验表明:·OH是主要的活性物质,对PFOA脱氟贡献率78.30%.采用UPLC-QTOF/MS对反应产物进行检测,并推测PFOA可能的降解路径:1·OH氧化PFOA进行脱氟反应生成C6F13C(OH)2COOH,经分子内脱H2O生成C6F13COCOOH;2·OH氧化PFOA分子,使羧酸键—COOH断裂,生成醛类C7F13HO,最后两者都经·OH氧化成C6F13COOH,然后按上述过程逐级脱去CF2生成短链全氟羧酸.     

介质阻挡放电常压分解苯、二甲苯

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)来分解常压下流动态气体中的苯、二甲苯废气.通过改变极间电压、气体浓度、外加气体,研究苯、二甲苯的降解.在7200～8000V极间电压下,浓度为6000mg/m³、流量为1000mL/min的含苯空气,苯的降解率达90%,主要分解产物为CO₂、CO和H₂O;浓度为700mg/m³、流量为1000mL/min的含二甲苯空气,二甲苯的降解率高达100%,产物也主要为CO、CO₂和H₂O.研究结果表明该方法处理流动态的气体效果优于处理静态气体,用该方法可以去除大气中的苯和二甲苯.