施用畜禽粪便堆肥品的蔬菜地CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征

农田是重要的温室气体排放来源之一,其中蔬菜地的温室气体排放日益受到人们关注.以北京市郊某温室种植的油麦菜地为研究对象,通过大棚试验,考察和比较了油麦菜地施用不同类型畜禽粪便堆肥产品的CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,油麦菜地NRM、RM、CF处理的CH4排放系数分别为0.2%、0.027%、0.004%;N2O排放系数分别为0.18%、0.63%、0.74%;NH3排放系数分别为2.00%、3.98%、2.53%.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和地表湿度相关,N2O排放通量与土壤温度、地表温度和湿度相关,CH4、N2O和NH3排放通量均受土壤含水率影响,而温室中的气温不是影响CH4、N2O和NH3排放的主要因素.     

A Multi-Criteria Analysis of Sustainability Effects of Increasing Concentrate Intensity in Swedish Milk Production 1989–1999

The concept of sustainable development is forcing standard economic analysis to acknowledge and address the existence of dimensions of performance, which are not reducible to monetary accounting. In particular, the implementation of this concept in practice requires: (a) the simultaneous handling of indicators developed in different disciplinary fields; and (b) an approach more related to the procedures adopted by consultants (Participatory Integrated Analysis), rather than theoretical academic analysis looking for ‘the’ optimal solution. The case study considered in this paper is a multi-criteria analysis of changes, which occurred in the Swedish milk production sector for the period 1989–1999. Multi-criteria impact matrices and multi-criteria representations are used to provide a transparent method of integrated analysis. Changes are characterized and quantified in a way that makes it possible to relate the impact of existing trends in relation to different sub-objectives (variation in performance in relation to social, economic and ecological indicators). The results of this analysis confirm a few well known predicaments of sustainability associated with agriculture. The growth of Sweden economy is driving a major increase in material throughputs within its agricultural sector. The need of increasing agricultural throughput (especially labour productivity) has moved the Swedish dairy sector in a clear situation of decreasing marginal return ( = large increases in inputs are not reflected in a proportional increase in output). Therefore, sound policies of development of this sector aimed at increasing the goal of sustainability have to be developed by considering several indicators of performance, and not only economic variables.     

The Good Life of Creatures with Dignity Some Comments on the Swiss Expert Opinion

The notion of Dignity of Creatures has been voted into the Swiss Federal Constitution by a plebiscite. Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and Peter Schaber have given an expert opinion for the Swiss government to clarify the notion of Dignity of Creatures. According to them, by voting this notion into the Swiss constitution, the Swiss have chosen for a limited biocentric approach towards biotechnology. In such an approach genetic engineering of non-human beings is only allowed insofar that their own good is not impaired. It is, however, not clear when the good of a non-human being is impaired. I defend the position that – even if we confine ourselves to animals – their good goes beyond their well being.     

Vegetable Oil Spills - Pollution Or Over-Cautiousness?

Vegetable oil spills are relatively uncommon compared to those of mineral oil in the marine environment. Evidence from the spillages that have occurred indicate that they can cause the death of animals in the vicinity through suffocation, inhibition of feeding and other non-specific toxic effects. Smothering of the intertidal area may lead to the development of anoxic conditions with associated changes in species diversity. Polymerisation appears to be a key process in determining the persistence of these oils in the intertidal region. Experiments have indicated that indigenous bacteria are capable of degrading the oil until it polymerises and work is being directed towards determining mechanisms to aid in the degradation process. in conclusion, vegetable oils are pollutants although the risk to the marine environment is small but that does not mean we should not be prepared for such events.     

我国历史生物地理学研究的开拓者——文焕然先生诞辰100周年祭

文焕然是开拓历史生物地理学的著名历史地理学家。在历史植物地理方面的贡献主要有：（1）论作发表早于中国历史地理学形成;（2）研究兼及群落与学科分类系统,尤对北方竹林与全国性及研究力量薄弱省级政区的森林分布与变迁有较全面、深入的研究;（3）研究方法兼顾自然科学与人文科学,深入实地考察、调查,订正、补充文献中讹传与疏漏,探讨影响因素并提出建议;（4）具有知难而进、厚积薄发、不断扩展与深化等研究特点。对历史动物地理学的贡献主要有：（1）发表论作较早;（2）主要涉及爬行纲、鸟纲、兽纲中多珍稀物种研究;（3）成果可作为生态环境变化代用指标、古脊椎动物与现代动物及相关学科领域研究参考、森林与竹林分布佐证,历久弥坚,得到国外学者重视。     

Portraying the Perils to Polar Bears: The Role of Empathic and Objective Perspective-taking Toward Animals in Climate Change Communication

Images of animals, particularly polar bears, harmed by climate change are often used in environmental campaigns, despite warnings of potential reactance and resultant perceived distance from the issue. As an alternative to these emotional appeals, environmental campaigns could encourage an objective (i.e., emotionally detached) perspective on climate change impacts. The present research tests the effects of a message that encourage empathic vs. objective perspectives toward polar bears harmed by climate change on emotions and subsequent support for climate change activism among 241 American adults through an online survey. Contrary to popular warnings, the present research found no reactance toward portraying harm to polar bears from climate change and no benefits of taking an objective perspective toward the polar bears. Instead, portrayals of polar bears harmed by climate change motivated both environmentalists and non-environmentalists to donate money to environmental activist groups when they took an empathic perspective toward the animals. Empathy and hope explain effects for environmentalists and empathy, hope, worry, personal guilt, and boredom explain effects for non-environmentalists.     

General Evaluation of Risk Associated With the Use of Pesticides and Other Chemical Substances on Animal Breeding and Plant Production Farms

Abstract

A general characteristic of chemical risk on plant production farms in Poland is presented. The paper describes risk associated with the natural occurrence of chemical substances (such as ammonium and hydrogen sulfide) in the process of animai breeding and risk connected with the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. Pesticides are briefly described taking into consideration toxicity classes and the toxic effect of individual compounds. Exposure to pesticides is presented for individual methods and related activities. Finally, the author discusses pesticide risk on fruit-growing farms and in greenhouses.     

Selecting suitable sites for animal waste application using a raster GIS

Rapid growth of intensive animal industries in southeast Queensland, Australia, has led to large volumes of animal waste production, which posses serious environmental problems in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB). This study presents a method of selecting sites for the safe application of animal waste as fertiliser to agricultural land. A site suitability map for the Westbrook subcatchment within the MDB was created using a geographic information system (GIS)-based weighted linear combination (WLC) model. The factors affecting the suitability of a site for animal waste application were selected, and digital data sets derived from up to 1:50,000 scale maps were acquired. After initial preprocessing, digital data sets were clipped to the size of the delineated subcatchment boundary producing input factors. These input factors were weighted using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that employed an objectives-oriented comparison (OOC) technique to formulate the pairwise comparison matrix. The OOC technique, which is capable of deriving factor weight independently, formulated the weight derivation process by making it more logical and systematic. The factor attributes were classified into multiple classes and weighted using the AHP. The effects of the number of input factors and factor weighting on the areal extent and the degree of site suitability were examined. Due to the presence of large nonagricultural and residential areas in the subcatchment, only 16% of the area was found suitable for animal waste application. The areal extent resulting from this site suitability assessment was found to be dependent on the areal constraints imposed on each input factor, while the degree of suitability was principally a function of the weight distribution between the factors.     

内蒙古主要畜牧气象灾害减灾对策研究

针对内蒙古自治区草地畜牧业生产中长期存在的实际问题,从草地雪灾、暴风雪、风冷灾害、旱灾等方面讨论了气象灾害对草地畜牧业生产的影响,并提出了相应的减灾对策,为草原牧区防灾减灾决策提供科学依据。     

基于神经网络的数据融合在废气测量中的应用

数据融合方法通过提取各个影响因素之间的特征关系,进行数据之间的融合。针对因传感器故障而失真的数据,综合考虑对畜禽场排放的某一废气测量值的时间、空间和环境等多种影响因素,使用基于神经网络的数据融合方法来估算该废气的浓度,实现失真数据的恢复,从而精确地测量出养殖场连续排放的有害气体的总量,对超标排放进行监控。以氨气(NH3)浓度数据的处理为例,应用MATLAB软件,其仿真结果表明:估算最大相对误差为7.83%,证明基于神经网络的数据融合方法的有效性。