我国直辖市畜禽养殖排放类固醇激素特征及其潜在污染风险

通过对北京、天津、重庆及上海4个直辖市畜禽养殖的统计分析,借鉴英美等发达国家的相关研究,估算了各直辖市畜禽养殖业类固醇雌激素和雄激素的年排放量,并初步探讨了各市单位耕地面积的类固醇雌激素承载量及类固醇雌激素对地表水体的潜在污染风险.结果表明,4个直辖中,重庆市的雌激素和雄激素年排放量处于4个直辖市之首,2008年两类激素的排放量分别达到1283.0和136.1 kg.北京和上海市类固醇激素总排放量均较10年前有所减少,尤其是上海市,10年间类固醇激素排放量减少了1/3.相反,天津市和重庆市的畜禽养殖业类固醇激素排放量却在增长.北京市单位耕地面积畜禽粪便类固醇雌激素的承载量最大,且明显增大,2008年达到839.1 mg·hm-2,是1998年的1.5倍.根据英国环保署(Environment Agency,United Kingdom)建议的最低可观测效应浓度10 ng·L-1,北京市和天津市的畜禽养殖排泄物有可能对当地地表水系统产生生态危害.在3种类固醇雌激素中,雌酮的排放对耕地承载的贡献最大.因此,各直辖市尤其是北京市和天津市亟需加强规模化养殖业管理,加强畜禽养殖业排污中类固醇激素的去除,保障城市的耕地及地表水生态安全.     

大庆市畜禽粪便排放量与环境负荷量分析研究

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2012年大庆市畜禽养殖数据和耕地面积,估算大庆市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便耕地消纳负荷情况进行分析评价.结果表明,2012年大庆市畜禽粪便总排放量约为710.45万t,其中以牛和生猪排放量最高,分别占48.1%和29%.农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均为9.45 t·hm-2,农田N、P养分负荷量平均为57.8 kg·hm-2和17.96 kg·hm-2,大庆市各县区耕地对畜禽粪便仍有消纳能力,畜禽养殖业发展仍有环境空间.     

大连沿海常见海产品PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平调查

文章应用液相色谱-质谱分析方法,对2009年春季大连沿海常见海产品体内PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平进行了调查。鱼、蟹、乌贼和海胆肌肉中PFOS的平均暴露水平分别为0.40 ng/g,0.07 ng/g,0.09 ng/g及0.12 ng/g(湿重),而PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.06ng/g,0.01 ng/g,0.06 ng/g及0.10 ng/g(湿重)。鱼类肝脏中PFOS和PFOA的平均暴露水平分别为0.90 ng/g和0.24 ng/g。调查结果表明,大连沿岸常见海产品体内普遍检测到PFOS和PFOA,并且肝脏中PFOS和PFOA暴露水平均高于肌肉组织。通过比较发现,大连沿岸鱼类样品中PFOS的暴露水平低于美、日等国家的沿岸海域鱼类的暴露水平。     

新疆草原利用与保护现状及对策建议

通过对新疆目前的草原利用与保护现状及存在的问题进行分析,提出了解决新疆畜牧业发展的思路及实施的牧民定居工程、人工草料地建设工程、牧区水利工程、退牧还草工程和牧民转移等草原建设的五大重点工程。     

白马湖甲壳动物体内重金属含量调查

对白马湖3种甲壳动物体内的Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn的含量进行了调查。结果表明,Cu、Zn含量较高;同种重金属元素在不同种类的软体动物体内含量差异较大,富集能力的次序是克氏原敖虾＞日本青沼＞秀丽白虾;Cd 和 Pb 在克氏原螯虾体内的不同器官和组织中富集程度不同,其中以肌肉中含量最低,鳃中的含量居中,虾壳中的含量为最高。     

水质石油类／动植物油快速测定方法探讨

为满足应急监测对分析方法提出的快速、准确、及时的要求,对现行国标《水质石油类和动植物油的测定红外光度法））（GB／T16488—1996）不适应应急监测需求的萃取、吸附2个预处理步骤进行了改进,为减少对臭氧层的破坏,用氯化四氟乙烯（S-316）替代四氯化碳（CCl4）作为萃取剂,均获得了比较满意的比对监测结果。     

Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation

Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space.     

禁食野生动物:法律规制的目的和限度——以新冠肺炎疫情为例证的分析和反思

新冠肺炎疫情的发生暴露了我国野生动物保护立法在禁止食用野生动物源头制度设计上的不足,引发了社会舆论对“全面禁止食用野生动物”的强烈呼吁。审视我国《野生动物保护法》,立法目的理念中并没有体现保障公众健康的内容;对捕食野生动物没有采取完全禁止的态度,而是根据野生动物的珍稀、濒危程度,生态、科学、社会价值,以及是否为人工繁育等多重标准,分别采取了禁止食用、限制食用、特别许可、支持利用等不同的措施,存在失之过宽的问题;野生动物保护范围不周延,一些可能引发疫病传播的野生动物没有纳入保护范围。回应社会关切,对立法中存在的问题进行理性分析,应当尽快修改《野生动物保护法》,矫正立法目的理念,体现对公众健康安全的保障;扩大野生动物的保护范围,并制定相应的管制规范;实现相关立法的衔接,建立以“全面禁止食用为原则,分类限制禁止食用为补充”的野生动物风险防范制度。从源头上防范野生动物病毒传播引发重大公共卫生风险,实现保护野生动物与保障公众健康安全的有机统一。     

Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product

Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO₃ at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05–0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11–0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47–21.40 + 0.17–0.25%), crude lipid (14.27–14.68 + 0.13–0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33–29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.     

Tetracycline resistance in semi-arid agricultural soils under long-term swine effluent application

Annually, millions pounds of antibiotics are released unmetabolized into environment along with animal wastes. Accumulation of antibiotics in soils could potentially induce the persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines and tetracycline-resistant bacteria have been previously detected in fields fertilized with animal manure. However, little is known about the accumulation of tetracyclines and the development of tetracycline resistance in semi-arid soils. Here we demonstrate that continuous land application with swine effluent, containing trace amounts of chlortetracycline, does not necessarily induce tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria. Based on the testing of more than 3,000 bacteria isolated from the amended soils, we found no significant increase in the occurrence and level of chlortetracycline resistant bacteria in soils after 15 years of continuous swine effluent fertilization. To account for a possible transfer of tetracycline-resistant bacteria originated from the swine effluent to soils, we analyzed two commonly found tetracycline resistant genes, tet(O) and tet(M), in the swine effluent and fertilized soils. Both genes were present in the swine effluent, however, they were not detectable in soils applied with swine effluent. Our data demonstrate that agronomic application of manure from antibiotic treated swine effluent does not necessarily result in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance in soils. Apparently, concentrations of chlortetracycline present in manure are not significant enough to induce the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance.