生物流化床处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化强化实验研究

采用厌氧/好氧/硝化耦合生物流化床反应器处理高浓度难降解垃圾渗滤液,通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养得到高浓度的硝化菌液,用于硝化生物流化床反应器的挂膜启动、驯化与动态运行实验。结果表明,扩培菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的浓度分别达到9 .0×107 和3. 5×107 MPN/mL。硝化生物流化床的强化挂膜启动与驯化约历时30d,实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮浓度为284 .4mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度为14. 3mg/L,达到了GB16889 1997一级排放标准,经过硝化生物强化的流化床反应器处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的硝化速率高达28. 1gNH+4 N/m3·h,与未经生物强化的同类系统相比高出近1倍。     

Clarifying values,risk perceptions,and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management

Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer‐reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation‐oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers. Clarificar los Valores, Percepciones de Riesgo y Actitudes para Resolver o Evitar Conflictos Sociales en el Manejo de Especies Invasoras     

Resolving whether botanic gardens are on the road to conservation or a pathway for plant invasions

A global conservation goal is to understand the pathways through which invasive species are introduced into new regions. Botanic gardens are a pathway for the introduction of invasive non‐native plants, but a quantitative assessment of the risks they pose has not been performed. I analyzed data on the living collections of over 3000 botanic gardens worldwide to quantify the temporal trend in the representation of non‐native species; the relative composition of threatened, ornamental, or invasive non‐native plant species; and the frequency with which botanic gardens implement procedures to address invasive species. While almost all of the world's worst invasive non‐native plants occurred in one or more living collections (99%), less than one‐quarter of red‐listed threatened species were cultivated (23%). Even when cultivated, individual threatened species occurred in few living collections (7.3), while non‐native species were on average grown in 6 times as many botanic gardens (44.3). As a result, a botanic garden could, on average, cultivate four times as many invasive non‐native species (20) as red‐listed threatened species (5). Although the risk posed by a single living collection is small, the probability of invasion increases with the number of botanic gardens within a region. Thus, while both the size of living collections and the proportion of non‐native species cultivated have declined during the 20th century, this reduction in risk is offset by the 10‐fold increase in the number of botanic gardens established worldwide. Unfortunately, botanic gardens rarely implement regional codes of conduct to prevent plant invasions, few have an invasive species policy, and there is limited monitoring of garden escapes. This lack of preparedness is of particular concern given the rapid increase in living collections worldwide since 1950, particularly in South America and Asia, and highlights past patterns of introduction will be a poor guide to determining future invasion risks.     

What is the acceptable margin of error for the oxygen uptake method in evaluating the reactivity of organic waste?

The acceptable margin of error for the organic waste reactivity measured by the oxygen uptake method was assessed. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Dynamic Respiration Index (DRI) (mgO₂/kgVS h). The composed uncertainty (uC) of the experimental set up used for the DRI test was evaluated and the uncertainty (u) of all the components of the apparatus was evaluated. A procedure for calculating the uC of the apparatus is proposed. The components affecting the uC of the DRI to a more significant extent were the one of the oxygen mass rate and the u of the amount of VS in the sample analyzed. For a confidence level of 99.73%, the extended uC (UC) interval for a DRI = 1024 mgO₂/kgVS h was ±440 mgO₂/kgVS h, whereas for a DRI = 3489 mgO₂/kgVS h, the UC interval was ±1288 mgO₂/kgVS h. When oxygen consumption and VS content become lower than 600 mgO₂/h and 0.9 kg, respectively, the UC interval is similar to the measured DRI.     

生物除锰除铁滤池对低氟的去除效果研究

氟元素与人体健康关系比较密切,其含量过高和过低对人体健康都有危害,因而对地下水中氟污染物的研究,意义重大。为此人工配制了含F-为1．00～3．00mg／L、不同Mn2＋、Fe2＋浓度的原水,并通过已经培养成熟的生物除锰除铁滤池进行过滤。结果表明,进水pH（5．5～7．5）为中性条件下,滤池对氟具有长期稳定的微弱去除效果。在低pH（2．5—3．5）条件下,出水F-浓度在短时间内达到生活饮用水标准。     

PCR—DGGE技术在废水生物处理中的应用研究

聚合酶链式反应一变形梯度凝胶电泳（PCR—DGGE）作为一种分子指纹图谱能够较准确地反应污水处理过程中微生物群落结构多样性及其动态变化而广泛应用于废水生物处理技术的研究中。PCR—DGGE技术不仅能对样品中微生物群落结构多样性及种群演替进行分析,还能用于污水处理中优势菌群的分离与鉴定,克服了传统方法费时费力、培养条件苛刻等局限性,进而运用该技术构建高效的污染物降解工程菌,提高难降解有机物的去除效率,调节实际工艺参数,提高污水处理效率。     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

泉州湾红树植物中重金属元素的分布与储量

用ICP-AES测定了泉州湾洛阳江河口红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)根际沉积物中重金属总量和有效态含量,以及这2种植物体内重金属的含量,探讨了该红树林湿地重金属元素的分布、富集和储量情况。结果表明,2种红树植物根际沉积物中重金属总量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd,有效态含量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd,部分重金属具有一定潜在的有害生物效应;Fe、V在2种红树植物根部的含量最高,Mn在叶中的含量最高,其余重金属未有明显的统一规律;相关性分析表明,2种植物根中Cu和Zn,Pb和V、Co、Ni,Cr和Zn,Zn和V,V和Co、Ni,Co和Ni之间互有明显协同作用;除Mn在叶中存在较强的富集能力(富集系数大于1),2种红树植物对其余重金属元素的富集能力均较小,远达不到超富集植物的要求;秋茄和桐花树对Mn从根向叶的迁移能力最强,Cu、Cr、Zn在2种植物中的迁移系数均大于1,Cd在桐花树中的迁移系数也大于1,说明2种植物都有将这些元素向叶中输送的趋势,应注意其通过食物链富集作用引起的危害。2种红树植物中重金属总储量大小表现为:Mn>Fe(秋茄则Fe>Mn)>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>V>Ni>Co>Cd,其中Mn和Fe的总储量之和分别占到了总储量的97.7%(桐花树)和99%(秋茄)。     

我国底栖动物重金属积累量的初步研究

根据国内外文献报道,对我国主要水体中大型底栖动物(双壳类、螺类、蟹类和虾类)体内重金属Cd、Cr、Pb和Cu的含量水平进行系统地总结和分析。结果表明,双壳类、螺类、蟹类和虾类体内Cr的几何均值分别为1.03、0.96、2.03和0.35 mg/kg;Cd的Box-Cox均值大小为1.11、0.68、0.13、0.12 mg/kg;Pb的Box-Cox均值分别为0.31、0.43、1.29和0.35 mg/kg;Cu的Box-Cox均值分别为7.87、19.70、70.60和10.10 mg/kg。参照中国无公害食品水产品有毒有害物质限量(NY 5073-2006),甲壳类动物Pb超标严重,超标率为43.50%,其次是Cd(22.51%)、C(r19.12%),Cu的超标率最小,为16.50%;软体动物中Cd的超标率高达34.41%,其次是C(r22.19%)、Pb(18.21%),Cu的超标率最小,为16.02%。结合我国居民的平均水产品消费量计算得到Cd、Cr、Pb和Cu的摄入量低于其允许摄入量,其对人体的健康风险还需要进一步深入研究。     

超低溶解氧条件下的EBPR系统除磷性能

实验采用两个交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行的SBR反应器,对不同溶解氧(DO)浓度梯度下EBPR系统除磷效果及工艺性能进行了为期127 d的研究.在未控制DO的对照组反应器R1中,好氧段DO≥6 mg·L~(-1),运行的前65 d内工艺除磷性能稳定,除磷率95.9%,出水总磷0.5 mg·L~(-1),但由于系统长期处于过曝气状态,65 d后除磷性能逐渐恶化,直至97 d后系统彻底失效,整个运行阶段(1~127 d)出水总磷一级A达标率为39.4%.对于实验组反应器R2,控制好氧段DO浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.2、0.1 mg·L~(-1),各工况初期除磷性能均有小幅波动,但除磷率迅速回升,继而反应器达到稳定运行.统计发现,实验组反应器R2在整个运行阶段出水总磷一级A的达标率为94.6%,127 d内仅有6 d不达标,工艺性能远优于R1.DO=2 mg·L~(-1)系统的比吸磷速率接近最大值,而低DO条件对比吸磷速率影响较大.实验还发现,尽管由超低DO(0.1 mg·L~(-1))引起的有机物降解速率低导致系统发生污泥微膨胀,但出水总磷仍能100%达标排放,微好氧EBPR的节能除磷具有可行性.