Umbilical cord haematoma as a complication of intrauterine intravascular blood transfusion

Between October 1985 and February 1989, 49 ultrasound-guided intravascular fetal blood transfusions were performed in 16 patients (14 with rhesus (Rh) isoimmunization, 2 with non-immunologic hydrops fetalis (NIHF)). As an intra-operative complication, perivascular haematoma of the cord occurred in three patients (7 per cent). In two cases, fetal bradycardia necessitated delivery by Caesarean section at 30 and 32 weeks' gestation, respectively. In the third case, fetal bradycardia developed during transfusion, at 31 weeks' gestation, but normalized within 3 min. The baby was delivered as planned at 36 weeks of gestation, after another transfusion at 34 weeks. Dislodgement of the needle tip into perivascular tissue, caused by sudden fetal or maternal movements, is the reason for this complication. The haematoma develops as a result of delayed recognition and continuous transfusion into Wharton' s jelly. Cord haematoma may be diagnosed in time by continuous ultrasound imaging, as illustrated in case 3. To minimize the risk of needle dislodgement during transfusion, sedation of the mother and complete immobilization of the fetus by injecting a short-acting muscle relaxant into the umbilical vessel are recommended.     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明，最适合的ｐＨ范围为５．５－９．０，λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ，在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＳＤＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０４和３．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。用此法测定了河水和生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂，相对标准偏差＜３．０％，样品加标平均回收率为９９．３％。     

溴甲酚紫-十六烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵法测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂含量

采用溴甲酚紫-十六烷基二甲基苄基溴化铵法测定洗涤剂工业的生产废水或生活污水中阴离子表面活性剂的含量。实验表明:适合的溶液pH为8,测定波长λmax为588nm,在十六烷基二甲基苄基溴离子质量浓度为15.0mg/mL的条件下,十二烷基苯磺酸钠质量浓度在0—50μg/mL范围内符合比耳定律,其摩尔吸光系数为3.48×104L/(mol·cm),该方法的相对标准偏差小于4%,试样加标平均回收率为96%-102%。该法可用于测定工业废水、河流等环境水样中的阴离子表面活性剂含量。     

Degradation of dibromophenols by UV irradiation

We examined the degradation of dibromophenols （DBPs）, i.e. 2,4-DBP, 2,6-DBP and 3,5-DBP by ultraviolet （UV） irradiation and estimated the relationship between degradability and molecular orbital properties of each dibromopbenol. The removal of DBPs under a UV lamp system was successfully performed in an aqueous solution. After 5 min of irradiation, the initial DBPs concentration of 20 mg/L was decreased to below 1 mg/L, and about 60% of bromide ion was released. A decrease in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） suggested the mineralization of DBPs, The mineralization may occur after release of bromide ions because the decrease of DOC was slower than the release of bromide ions. The degradability of 3,5-DBP was slightly lower than 2,6-DBP and 2,4-DBE Molecular orbital calculation suggested that the electrophilic frontier density and the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy may be related to the degradability of DBPs.     

Effect of ferric and bromide ions on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination

The e ects of ferric ion, pH, and bromide on the formation and distribution of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination were studied. Two raw water samples from Huangpu River and Yangtze River, two typical drinking water sources of Shanghai, were used for the investigation. Compared with the samples from Huangpu River, the raw water samples from Yangtze River had lower content of total organic carbon (TOC) and ferric ions, but higher bromide concentrations. Under controlled chlorination conditions, four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), total organic halogen (TOX) and its halogen species fractions, including total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic bromide (TOBr), were determined. The results showed that co-existent ferric and bromide ions significantly promoted the formation of total THMs and HAAs for both raw water samples. Higher concentration of bromide ions significantly changed the speciation of the formed THMs and HAAs. There was an obvious shift to brominated species, which might result in a more adverse influence on the safety of drinking water. The results also indicated that high levels of bromide ions in raw water samples produced higher percentages of unknown TOBr.     

阳离子表面活性剂用量对改性沸石吸附铬酸根的影响

用不同量阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对天然沸石改性,并制备不同改性程度的改性沸石,测定沸石对CTAB的吸附量,比较几种沸石对铬酸根的吸附性能及其与改性沸石胶体Zeta电位的关系,探讨沸石对铬酸根的吸附机制及沸石再生后对铬酸根的吸附能力.结果表明,随着CTAB加入量的增加,它在沸石表面的吸附量显著增加,制备的改性沸石对铬酸根吸附性能显著提高.改性后沸石胶体的Zeta电位由负变正,而且随着CTAB用量的增加,Zeta电位正值增加.铬酸根在改性沸石表面的吸附量随离子强度增加而减小,而且改性沸石吸附的铬酸根大部分可以被中性盐解吸,说明铬酸根的吸附以静电作用机制为主.改性剂用量在0.15～0.3 mol·kg-1范围内,改性沸石再生后仍对铬酸根有很好的吸附性能,可以循环使用.     

羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化对滤后水THMs生成势的控制作用

实验比较了滤后水经过单独臭氧氧化和羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化后的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP).考察了不同的溴离子含量、pH值、碱度、O₃/TOC比例、氧化反应时间、催化剂投量时,2种氧化条件下滤后水THMFP的变化规律.发现羟基氧化铁催化氧化后,滤后水的THMFP比单独臭氧氧化后的降低了30.5%.溴离子浓度较高时THMs以溴代产物为主,羟基氧化铁催化氧化后溴代的THMFP是单独臭氧氧化后的45%～65.5%.在滤后水pH值为6.33～9.43、O3/TOC比值为0.65～2.05、氧化时间为2～20min的条件下,羟基氧化铁催化氧化都表现出明显降低THMFP的优势.碱度升高使2种氧化后的THMFP都降低,且使其差值减小.催化剂存在降低THMFP的最佳投量.催化氧化降低滤后水THMFP的原因是比单独臭氧氧化提高了对TOC的去除率,催化产生的羟基自由基进一步氧化降低了水中有机物卤代活性位的数量.     

溴、碘离子吸附研究进展

吸附法是从盐湖卤水等溴、碘含量较低的溶液中直接分离溴、碘离子的适用方法,也是去除饮用水中过高含量的溴和碘,以及去除水中放射性碘离子的有效方法.本文简要介绍了溴、碘的用途、制备方法及吸附分离溴、碘离子的实际意义,系统评述了单质银、银复合、氧化银复合、氯化银复合、有机胺复合、层状双氢氧化物等吸附剂对溶液中溴或碘离子的吸附.研究省去氧化步骤,直接从溶液中吸附回收溴、碘离子的工艺路线,对环保及溴、碘的开发利用具有重要意义.     

钴活化过一硫酸盐氧化过程中卤代副产物的生成

活化过硫酸盐产生的硫酸根自由基(SO~(·-)_4)可以降解大多数有机污染物,被广泛用于地下水、土壤修复等领域.本研究发现在钴活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)高级氧化过程中,溴离子会被SO~(·-)_4氧化生成自由溴,继而和苯酚反应生成溴代苯酚,最终生成三溴甲烷和二溴乙酸等副产物.当反应液中苯酚初始浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1)、Br~-浓度0.2 mmol·L~(-1)、Co~(2+)浓度5μmol·L~(-1)、PMS浓度1 mmol·L~(-1)、p H为6.0时,三溴甲烷和二溴乙酸的生成随反应的进行先增加后降低,在8 h达到最大,分别为10.3μmol·L~(-1)和14.6μmol·L~(-1).卤代副产物的生成随p H的升高而降低.当卤离子总量保持不变,随着溶液中Cl~-/Br~-比例的增加,卤代副产物的生成总量逐渐降低,而含氯副产物的产量逐渐增加.本研究为全面评价过硫酸盐高级氧化工艺在污染控制方面的应用可行性提供了依据.     

HDTMA-凹凸棒土的制备表征及其对HCH的吸附研究

采用超声改性法制备了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)修饰的HDTMA–凹凸棒土,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG-DSC)对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,经超声分散后,凹凸棒土的棒晶分散均匀;HDTMA+成功进入到凹凸棒土的表面和层间.吸附实验表明,HCH在HDTMA-凹凸棒土上的吸附动力学符合准一级动力学Lagergren方程,3种HCH异构体的速率常数K大小顺序为: Kα–HCH < Kγ–HCH < Kδ–HCH.HDTMA–凹凸棒土层间存在HDTMA有机相,使其对HCH的吸附量比未改性凹凸棒土增加了近40倍,由于吸附过程中存在HDTMA有机相和所吸附的HCH的协同作用,其吸附机理较复杂, 吸附等温线不能用Langmuir、Freundlich、Linear 3种吸附等温方程模型进行描述.