Impact of calcium and magnesium on growth and morphological acclimations of Nitella: implications for calcification and nutrient dynamics

The impact of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on the growth and morphology of a Charophyte, Nitella pseudoflabellata, and the influence of Mg on calcification and phosphorous (P) speciation were studied in laboratory experiments for variable concentrations (≤q120 mg · L^?1) of Ca and Mg. It was clearly identified that Mg aided shoot elongation. An increase in Ca concentrations produced intensified shoot elongation also, but at a lesser rate than the equivalent levels of Mg. Depending on the availability of Ca and Mg, the morphological appearance differed significantly, suggesting significant levels of ecoplasticity. Furthermore, Mg was observed to produce less calcite encrustation. Plant P-speciation suggested a higher Mg concentration corresponding to a more water-soluble and less carbonate-bound P fraction. This indicates that upon senescence and decomposition, a large fraction of P is supplied to the water column; ultimately behaving similar to a typical vascular plant.     

Ameliorating effects of hormone and Cu on salt stressed Brassica nigra (L.) Koch with reference to growth and biochemical characteristics

The ameliorating effects of exogenous hormone and calcium were investigated in salt-stressed black mustard seedlings (Brassica nigra L.). The seedlings were subjected to various treatments: control (nutrient solution), salt stress, kinetin/abscisic acid (ABA)/calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Sodium chloride (NaCl) inhibited shoot length (45–55%) and root (<75%). Further, alterations in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were consistent with changes in levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA). The beneficial effects of ABA and CaCl₂ in ameliorating salt stress may be attributed to the reduction of membrane peroxidation and increased glutathione (GSH) levels. These observations suggest that oxidative stress resulting from salt stress in B. nigra may result in production of antioxidative enzymes to counteract oxidative damage, and the enzymes may contribute to the ability of B. nigra to survive adverse conditions. Data indicate that hormone and ion in the order of kinetin > ABA > calcium alleviate the adverse impact of salt on B. nigra.     

Effect of calcium and magnesium on copper,cadmium, and some essential elements of Indian major carps Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Catla catla (Hamilton) treated with copper and cadmium

The effect of calcium and magnesium either singly or in combination on accumulation of cadmium and copper in Labeo rohita (rohu) and Catla catla (catla) was investigated in this study under laboratory conditions. The investigation showed that copper accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.25 mg L^?1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 31.0 ± 0.4 mg kg^?1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.5 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1, respectively, at 75 mg L^?1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The copper level in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of copper for 14 days reduced from 5.7 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at no calcium/magnesium treatment to 3.4 ± 0.2 and 3.3 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1, respectively, at 300 mg L^?1 calcium or magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in rohu exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 1.7 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at no magnesium treatment to 1.4 ± 0.1 mg kg^?1 at 120 mg L^?1 magnesium treatment. The cadmium accumulation in catla exposed to 0.20 mg L^?1 of cadmium for 14 days reduced from 0.8 ± 0.2 mg kg^?1 at no magnesium treatment to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg kg^?1 at 80 mg L^?1 magnesium treatment. Copper and cadmium treatments also reduced some essential microelements of rohu and catla. Both the fishes restored these elements at different levels of calcium and magnesium.     

晶种法回收和去除高浓度含氟废水中的氟

以氟化盐厂3 100 mg/L含氟废水为处理对象,提出了以氢氧化钙清液为沉淀剂,添加晶种回收废水中氟化物的新工艺。结果表明,采用氟化钙回收装置对废水进行处理,当Ca/F=1.2∶2、反应终点pH=6.1～6.6时,出水氟离子质量浓度低于20 mg/L,达到国家二级排放标准,氟化钙污泥呈砂状,含水率低,易于回用,氟回收率高于99.5%,可以有效降低氟污染和资源浪费。     

石漠化地区豆科植物根瘤菌降解碳酸钙、镁能力研究

微生物对岩溶地区岩石风化、成土具有明显的促进作用,为了筛选出能够促进碳酸盐岩风化、加快成土速率的优势根瘤菌菌株,将其与豆科植物建立共生体系,进行石漠化地区修复与治理,实验以分离自云南石漠化地区的9株豆科植物根瘤菌为研究对象,将9株根瘤菌接种于加有难溶性碳酸钙或碳酸镁的液体培养液中,28.5℃、160 r·min-1摇床培养15 d,于0、1、3、6、10、15 d取样2 mL,每个样3个平行;将样品加入到10 mL体积比5∶1的硝酸高氯酸消化液中浸泡过夜,放在电热板上缓慢加热至溶液澄清透明,分别用含La3＋2%的盐酸溶液定容至10 mL,空白用同样方法处理;最后采用原子火焰吸收方法测定样品中Ca2＋和Mg2＋含量,筛选出对碳酸盐岩主要成分碳酸钙和碳酸镁具有强降解作用的根瘤菌菌株。结果表明：热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici （SWFU09）和根瘤菌Rhizobium sp.（SWFU02）对碳酸钙降解作用最强;对碳酸镁降解作用最好的菌株为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.（SWFU03）、热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici（SWFU05）和慢生根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium sp.（SWFU01）。溶液pH值对碳酸镁降解作用具重要的影响,对碳酸钙降解作用影响不大,说明根瘤菌代谢产生的酸性物质（有机酸、氨基酸）对碳酸钙和碳酸镁降解作用有一定影响,但不是唯一影响因素;也可能是微生物代谢产生的有机配体（基）吸附碳酸钙和碳酸镁表面,与水体中的成分形成复合物,改变溶解的平衡,置换出Ca2＋和Mg2＋。     

硅改性花生壳生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为实现花生壳资源化利用,通过硅酸钠溶液对花生壳进行浸渍改性,再热解制备成硅改性花生壳生物炭（Si-PSBs）,探究Si-PSBs对水中磷的吸附特性.结果表明,相比于未改性花生壳生物炭（PSB）,Si-PSBs对磷的吸附量明显增大,8%硅酸钠溶液改性的生物炭（8% Si-PSB）对磷的吸附量是改性前的3.9倍.SEM、FTIR和XRD等结果表明8% Si-PSB上有二氧化硅生成,二氧化硅影响吸附过程中源于生物炭的碳酸钙形态,提高了生物炭自身所含金属离子Ca²⁺的反应活性.强酸强碱环境中,8% Si-PSB对磷均具有良好的吸附效果.反应平衡后,8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附量分别在2.79 mg ·g^-1和0.71 mg ·g^-1上下浮动,对磷的吸附均更符合准二级动力学模型,说明反应以化学吸附为主.等温吸附实验数据采用Langmuir模型拟合度更高,说明8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附均以单层吸附为主.溶液中腐殖酸（HA）的存在抑制8% Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附.8% Si-PSB是一种低成本的新型除磷材料,可提高花生壳自身金属钙离子的利用程度.     

过氧化钙重塑底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用

本研究模拟原位覆盖CaO₂流失后状态,以修复后表层2cm底泥为研究对象,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线能谱仪（EDX）对底泥修复前后表面进行观察和元素分析,发现CaO₂重塑明显改变了底泥结构,去除底泥表面附着的大部分有机物和铁锰氧化物,提高底泥颗粒孔隙率,增加底泥表面Ca²⁺含量;CaO₂重塑使底泥内源磷更加稳定,TP含量减少约20%,潜在活性磷含量减少约30%,Ca-P和Res-P含量明显增加,同时厌氧环境下重塑底泥磷释放量明显小于原始底泥,表明CaO₂重塑极大降低了底泥内源磷释放风险;Langmuir模型与Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich模型相比,更适用于描述CaO₂重塑底泥对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为,CaO₂重塑明显提高底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力,其最大磷吸附量由1.44 mg·g^-1增加到20.91 mg·g^-1,其对水中磷酸盐的吸附机制由化学吸附转变为物理化学吸附共同作用,此外准二级动力学模型可以较好地描述CaO₂重塑底泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程,且CaO₂重塑显著提高底泥对水中的磷酸盐的吸附速率.     

盐酸-次氯酸钙氧化法去除贫泥磷中的黄磷

分别采用次氯酸钙单一体系和盐酸-次氯酸钙复合体系对贫泥磷中的黄磷进行氧化处理,重点考察了盐酸浓度、次氯酸钙加入量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对贫泥磷中黄磷去除率的影响。实验结果表明:与单一次氯酸钙体系相比,盐酸的加入有效地破除了贫泥磷中的胶质结构,盐酸-次氯酸钙复合体系能有效地去除贫泥磷中的黄磷;在反应温度为60℃、盐酸浓度为2.4 mol/L、破胶反应时间为30 min、次氯酸钙加入量为250 g/L、氧化反应时间为3 h的最佳条件下,黄磷的去除率达到99.6%以上。     

废弃牡蛎壳生产活性钙

利用废弃的牡蛎壳为原料。采用高温电解煅烧、微粒子化及碳酸化等特殊工艺。得到可供食品用的钙强化剂或药品用的原料药。该方法不但可以充分利用资源。变废为宝。而且选用的工艺路线也体现了清洁生产的要求。在降低设备投入和能耗的同时。还消除了三废的排放，适合工业化生产。