Reduced effect of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease at the disease front

Pathogen-driven declines in animal populations are increasingly regarded as a major conservation issue. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened with extinction by devil facial tumor disease, a unique transmissible cancer. The disease is transmitted through direct transfer of tumor cells, which is possible because the genetic diversity of Tasmanian devils is low, particularly in the major histocompatibility complex genes of the immune system. The far northwest of Tasmania now holds the last remaining disease-free wild devil populations. The recent discovery of unique major histocompatibility complex genotypes in the northwestern region of Tasmania has raised the possibility that some animals may be resilient to the disease. We examined the differences in the epidemiology and population effects of devil facial tumor disease at 3 well-studied affected sites in eastern Tasmania and 1 in western Tasmania (West Pencil Pine). In contrast to the 3 eastern sites, there has been no rapid increase in disease prevalence or evidence of population decline at West Pencil Pine. Moreover, this is the only onsite at which the population age structure has remained unaltered 4 years after the first detection of disease. The most plausible explanations for the substantial differences in population effects and epidemiology of the disease between eastern and western sites are geographic differences in genotypes or phenotypes of devils and functional differences between tumor strains in the 2 regions. We suggest that conservation efforts focus on identifying whether either or both these explanations are correct and then, if resistance alleles exist, to attempt to spread the resistant alleles into affected populations. Such assisted selection has rarely been attempted for the management of wildlife diseases, but it may be widely applicable.     

Distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms in the sand-dust and the desert particles in Inner Mongolia and its environmental significance

根据我国中路沙尘暴的影响范围和移动路径,应用颗粒物中磷的连续浸提技术,选择研究了8个站位的颗粒物样品中磷的赋存形态和分布特征.研究结果表明,各粒级样品中无机磷（IP）含量范围在300.16—1916.99μg.g-1,占总磷（TP）比率86.11%—99.84%,TP含量主要受IP控制,有机磷（POrg）含量远低于IP,彼此之间表现为负相关关系;沙尘粒子Y1—Y4（呼和浩特,2005年—2010年沙尘暴期间收集）的TP、IP、生物可交换磷（BP）和可交换态磷（Pex）含量远高于沙尘暴源地及沿途地区地表颗粒物,这与沙尘暴源地及影响区域磷污染状况及地质环境条件关系密切;粒径小于57μm的颗粒物样品的TP、IP、PCa含量均高于自然粒径颗粒物样品.     

珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。     

丁虫腈在环境中的降解特性

采用室内模拟试验研究丁虫腈在水体中的光解、水解及其在3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性。结果表明,丁虫腈在酸性和中性条件下比较稳定,不易水解,而在碱性条件下水解较快,在50℃、pH值为9．0的缓冲溶液中降解半衰期为26．7d。通过对水解产物的鉴定,推断丁虫腈的水解机理为碱催化水解。在[光]照度为2500lx、紫外强度为25I．LW·cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,丁虫腈的降解半衰期为1．5h,主要降解产物为氟虫腈。丁虫腈在太湖水稻土、江西红壤和陕西潮土中培养180d后均未发生明显降解,表明该农药在土壤中较难降解。     

Comparative Toxicity of PCBs and PBDEs Using Human Cancer Cell Lines and Zebrafish Embryos

研究了6种多氯联苯(PCBs)3,3′,4,4′-四氯联苯(PCB77)、2,3,3′,4,4′-五氯联苯(PCB105)、2,3′,4,4′,5-五氯联苯(PCB118)、3,3′,4,4′,5-五氯联苯(PCB126)、2,3,3',4,4',5-六氯联苯(PCB156)和商业型混合多氯联苯Aroclor1254,两种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)2,2′,4,4′-四溴二苯醚(PBDE47)、十溴二苯醚(PBDE209)对人类癌细胞生长和斑马鱼脱膜与不脱膜胚胎发育的影响.8种化合物均使用0.01、0.1、1.0、10μmol·L-14个浓度进行1~6d的暴露实验.结果表明,PBDE209在最高浓度10μmol·L-1下对结肠癌细胞HCT116(暴露3d后)和RKO(暴露5d后)具有显著的生长抑制作用,所有化合物均对乳腺癌细胞没有显著影响.相比之下,化合物对受精后5~6h(5~6hpf)的斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应显得比较明显,而各化合物对胚胎的致畸和致死效应又不相同,其毒性强弱依次为PCB126≈PCB156>PCB1254(Aroclor1254)>PBDE47>PCB77>PCB105≈PCB118≈PBDE209.其中PBDE209在未脱膜暴毒后均无致畸与致死现象,脱膜暴毒后最高浓度才表现出显著意义的致畸作用,而PBDE47在最高浓度下可产生高达80%的致畸率,这说明胚胎绒毛膜具有有效阻挡大分子物质如PBDE209进入的作用.PCBs的毒性效应与其空间结构密切相关.如PCB126和PCB105具有相同的分子式,前者在1μmol·L-1下就引起了显著的致死和致畸效应,而后者即使在10μmol·L-1下也没有显著的效应.实验结果也说明不同类型的实验对象所展示的毒性效应并不相同,化合物对体外培养的细胞和发育中的胚胎具有不同的影响.     

以生态产业推动辽宁老工业基地的振兴与发展

建立可持续发展生态产业．是推动辽宁老工业基地振兴．实现其环境-经济协调发展的重要举措。本文分析了辽宁省发展生态产业的背量条件和生态产业发展现状．解析了其发展生态产业面临的主要问题，探讨了生态产业的发展潜力．并提出相应的策略     

中国农村贫困地区可持续发展的制度分析

中目农村贫困地区可持续发展受多重制度因素的影响。本文通过对农村贫困地区可持续发展的制度分析。提出制度创新一对农村贫困地区做出一系列新的制度安排是农村贫困地区可持续发展的保障。     

江苏沿江开发研究

随着中国加入WTO和经济全球化进程的加快,长江三角洲以其独特的滨江临海的区位和发达的制造业基础,正在成为新的投资热点地区。江苏省沿江地区是长江三角洲重要的组成部分,拥有800多km的长江岸线和8个经济发达、人才资源优势明显的经济中心城市。传统的制造业基础和相对低廉的加工成本、商务成本,使江苏沿江开发既有对外来资本的吸引力,又有自我发展的内生机制。重点研究了全球化背景下江苏沿江开发的战略问题,主要包括：①江苏沿江地区开发的环境和条件比较分析;②沿江产业带重组与实施跨江开发;③再造新战略据点;④打破行政区界限沿江联动实施区域一体化,等等。最后指出：加快江苏沿江开发,必须科学规划、统筹安排,做到空间合理、时间有序,同时考虑沿江的环境容量有限,应实施可持续发展和南北联动的开发战略,拓展沿江的开发空间,提升沿江的产业发展水平。     

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.     

Systematic Contradiction Between Heritage Conservation and Tourism Development: Cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu

Abstract

In recent years, with the rapid development of the tourist industry, world heritage sites become more and more popular among tourists from home and abroad. Therefore, heritage tourism has become a new hotspot. However, while world heritage sites are making obvious economic benefit from tourism, they also bring various problems and contradictions, of which the most troublesome one is the contradiction between heritage conservation and tourism development. To discuss and analyze the root and the essence of the above contradiction and find a way to bring about harmony between them is an important program faced by our national heritage management practice and academic research. Based on the case of cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, this paper analyzes the reasons why our national world cultural heritage sites bring about the above contradiction in the process of tourism development and points out that the improper system and stakeholders' benefit imbroglio are respectively the root and the essence of the contraction. Then, it also puts forward corresponding solutions.