A STAGE-ACTIVATED TRIGGERING DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1

A device to trigger automatic pumping samplers at discrete stages on headwater streams in southeastern Oklahoma was developed. The magnetic switch column employs a sequence of magnetic reed switches wired in parallel and set at 0.03 m (0.10 ft) intervals. A magnetic float inside the column closes the reed switches, therby triggering the sampler as stage rises and falls. The columns were constructed from inexpensive, readily-available materials. Following installation and field calibration, the columns provided relaible and representative sampling during 12 storms, at three sites. The magnetic switch column may be used in a wide range of research and monitoring sites to improve water quality sampling.     

Comparison of maternal and fetal chromosome heteromorphisms to monitor maternal cell contamination in chorionic villus samples

Maternal cell contamination (MCC) presents a potential problem in the analysis of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) preparations for early prenatal diagnosis by chromosomal, biochemical and molecular methods. Through the comparison of fluorescent chromosome variants from CVS and maternal cells, we found three out of 50 samples to have MCC. One of these was observed on a direct preparation. Routine chromosome heteromorphism analysis suggested as a reliable method for monitoring MCC in CVS specimens.     

ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION DESIGNS1

A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively.     

The use of cluster sampling to determine aid needs in Grozny, Chechnya in 1995

War broke out in Chechnya in November 1994 following a three-year economic blockade. It caused widespread destruction in the capital Grozny. In April 1995 Medical Relief International--or Merlin, a British medical non-governmental organisation (NGO)--began a programme to provide medical supplies, support health centres, control communicable disease and promote preventive health-care in Grozny. In July 1995 the agency undertook a city-wide needs assessment using a modification of the cluster sampling technique developed by the Expanded Programme on Immunisation. This showed that most people had enough drinking-water, food and fuel but that provision of medical care was inadequate. The survey allowed Merlin to redirect resources earmarked for a clean water programme towards health education and improving primary health-care services. It also showed that rapid assessment by a statistically satisfactory method is both possible and useful in such a situation.     

恶臭监测分析中若干问题的探讨

从实际的恶臭监测分析出发,结合执行与实践《恶臭污染物排放标准》、《空气质量恶臭的测定三点比较式臭袋法》过程中的各种体会,从标准本身、采样以及分析的质量保证这三个方面,对恶臭监测分析中的相关问题进行了探讨。建议对排放标准的适用范围进行调整,增加行业排放标准,对有组织排放增加浓度排放限值进行规定,对采样气象条件、采样点位、采样频率进行明确,并引入背景值或本底值的测量,对测量结果进行修正。最后针对分析环节,就采样器材、实验室和分析人员三个方面提出了相应的质量保证要求,以确保恶臭测定方法的准确有效。     

应用被动采样监测技术研究区域空气污染特征

应用被动式吸收采样监测技术,在辽宁省中部城市群区域首次开展了包括城市、市郊、农村地区空气SO2,NO2环境质量调查,将被动监测数据绘制成污染物浓度图,对区域环境空气污染的特点、浓度分布及城市间污染的相互影响进行了分析研究。     

石化企业中密闭采样存在的问题与对策

对石化企业在密闭采样器应用过程中存在的标准滞后、规格不一、器具过重等问题进行了分析,并提出了解决问题的对策建议。     

Total pollution effects of urban surface runoff

e values of MFFn (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runoff volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to enable more effective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

大学生旅游者环境意识水平调查研究

环境意识水平的提升能从根本上改变大学生旅游者传统的思维方式和价值观,内在自觉地规范旅游环境行为和实践活动。以南京林业大学为研究对象,以配额抽样法探讨大学生旅游者学科专业、性别因素对环境意识的影响,研究发现大学生旅游者表现出较好的环境态度和倾向,对旅游环境和生态知识的渴求和认知程度对其整体环境意识水平有较大影响,然而也存在着知行脱节,环境行为滞后于环境情感、意志的现象。应重视高校环境教育工作,努力提升大学生旅游者的环境意识水平。     

Numerical simulation of residual stresses for friction stir welds in copper canisters

In an attempt to map the residual stress distributions after friction stir welding of copper canisters, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical model has been formulated by coupling heat transfer and elasto-plasticity analyses. The transient temperature field around the tool is simulated by a moving heat source. The simulation shows that the residual stress distribution in a thick-wall copper canister is sensitive to the circumferential angle and asymmetrical to the weld line. Both tensile and compressive stresses emerge along the weld line and its vicinity. The maximum tensile stress appears in the circumferential direction on the outer surface. The maximum tensile stress, whether it is predicted by the finite element method or measured by the hole-drilling technique and the X-ray diffraction method, does not exceed 50 MPa in general.