钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱尺寸效应研究

现行钢筋混凝土结构设计方法是基于小尺寸构件的试验研究建立起来的,大尺寸构件的设计的科学性和合理性有待进一步研究.本文制作2组4根钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱,偏心距为0.6h0,试件的截面几何尺寸分别为200 mm×200 mm、400 mm × 400 mm.研究相同偏心距下,不同尺寸的钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱的破坏特征,极...     

离子交换树脂法高效提取水中硝酸盐研究

硝酸盐是水体中重要的污染物之一,硝酸盐中的稳定氮氧同位素组成可用于有效识别其污染来源,而水体中硝酸盐的高效提取是其氮氧同位素测试的前提和关键步骤。阴离子树脂交换法提取硝酸盐是目前普遍采用的方法,但对于提取效率的影响因素还缺乏深入研究。文章通过室内实验,探讨了国产717型阴离子树脂对硝酸盐的吸附效率,以及不同洗脱剂的洗脱效率,系统研究了水体中硝酸盐高效提取过程影响因素。结果表明:12.56 mL体积的国产717型树脂对NO3-的吸附量高达200 mg以上;40 mL 4 mol/L的KCl溶液对4 cm长的吸附树脂柱(直径2 cm)的洗脱效率可达95%以上;SO42-的对NO3-的吸附和洗脱具有显著的影响。     

Activities of Po and Pb in the water column at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

Natural radionuclides, such as ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb were measured in the water samples collected from six stations at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Results for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in dissolved and particulate phases have showed the difference in distribution and chemical behavior. The fluctuation activities of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb depend on wave action, geology and degree of fresh water input occurring at study areas and probably due to different sampling dates. The distribution coefficient, K_d, values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb ranged from 2.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 265.15 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, and from 3.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 558.16 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, respectively. High K_d values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb indicated that a strong adsorption of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb onto suspended particles, and the sinking of both nuclides on the seabed at study locations were controlled by the characteristics of suspended particles.     

Fixed-bed column sorption of borate onto pomegranate seed powder-PVA beads: a response surface methodology approach

Pomegranate seed powder (PS) was functionalized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and utilized for boron removal from the aqueous system. Results of Brunauer--Emmett--Teller (BET) surface area analysis and Boehm titration indicated notable decrease in total surface area and increase in acidic surface functional groups of PS after PVA modification. Enhanced sorption is indicative of complex formation between diol groups of the pomegranate seed powder--polyvinyl alcohol (PS–PVA) and borate ions. Under column test, the saturated sorption capacity of boron was noted to be dependent on flow rate and bed height. The developed central composite design (CCD) was adequate to elucidate the sorption mechanism. Mathematical modeling of the column data was conducted, and a modified-dose-response model was the most suitable to describe the breakthrough curve and observed to be consistent with CCD analysis. This is further supported by extensive error analyses conducted between the model predicted and experimental data.     

碳酸盐岩山地土壤施用有机肥的溶蚀作用探讨

选择碳酸盐岩山地常见耕植、未耕植土层,通过概化制作为系列模拟柱试验土层,按当地正常施肥方法,向土层定量施入有机肥并浇灌及控制其它相关条件变化,再定期观测预埋土层不同深度碳酸岩石片的溶蚀量和土层其它指标的变化,作了施用有机肥的土中碳酸岩石溶蚀变化研究。结果揭示,在未耕植红黏土表层施用有机肥,大大减弱了土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀作用,且减弱程度随土深加大而降低。但对其下伏碱性岩粉层而言,施肥又引起了溶蚀量的微小增加变化;另在耕植土表层施用有机肥,对其土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀作用改变不大,且无论施肥与否溶蚀作用随土深加大又略显增大变化。而其下部红黏土中碳酸岩石的溶蚀量要远大于耕植土中的溶蚀量,并受施肥的影响较小。表明,农业施肥对未耕植土土中包被、包裹的碳酸岩石溶蚀影响较大,对下伏碱性岩粉层的层中、层下碳酸岩石的溶蚀影响较小。同时,施肥对耕植土土中、土下碳酸岩石的溶蚀影响不大。人类可采取禁令开垦较薄土层措施,来有效规避耕作施肥对土中碳酸岩石溶蚀作用的抑制,减少反石漠化的不利因素。此将为丰富碳酸盐岩山地成土演化理论和石漠化灾害的防治提供依据。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定水中有机磷

用HP-5毛细管柱分离敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷,6min内5个物质分离完全,方法检出限可达到10^10-10^11g,相对标准偏差为1．12％-4．49％,加标回收率达到98％-103％。     

Formulation and testing of a novel river nitrification model

The nitrification process in many river water quality models has been approximated by a simple first order dependency on the water column ammonia concentration, while the benthic contribution has routinely been neglected. In this study a mathematical framework was developed for sediment bed nitrification based on mass transfer theory and Monod bacterial growth kinetics. The model describes ammonia transport across the boundary layer and consumption within the biofilm to quantify the overall nitrification flux. Model results suggest that nitrification is usually controlled by the boundary layer thickness, and we estimated a nitrification velocity range between 0.14 and 0.97 m d⁻¹, assuming typical boundary thicknesses of 0.1–1.0 mm. These ranges compared favorably with reported literature values, including our own measurements. The model was applied to several river systems of different depths where nitrification rates and river depths were available. Assuming that nitrification is exclusively a benthic process, the average velocity of all the rivers evaluated was 0.85 m d⁻¹ (r² = 0.72).     

Continuous nitrifying granular sludge bioreactor: Influence of aeration and ammonium loading rate

Granulation of nitrifying bacteria was investigated in a continuous bubble column bioreactor. Then, the combined effect of aeration and ammonium loading rates on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration as well as nitrification process was evaluated in the system using an experimental design technique. After 120 days, stable nitrifying granules with average diameter of 1.4 mm and settling velocities of 55 m/h were obtained. The influence of increasing ammonium loading rate (ALR) was found to be more significant than decreasing aeration rate on the reduction of DO concentration inside the nitrifying bioreactor. The system could handle the ALR values of 0.48–1.92 gNH₄⁺-N/L d with the ammonium removal efficiency from 65% to nearly 100% at the tested airflow rates of 2.5 and 4.5 L/min. At the low aeration, the complete ammonium conversion to nitrate was replaced with nitrite when the ALR increased to 1.44 gNH₄⁺-N/L d. At the high aeration, however, almost complete nitrification was achieved except the high ALR in which the nitrite accumulation was observed up to 38%. The study demonstrated that the continuous bioreactor had a considerable performance for obtaining stable nitrifying granules to have nitrite accumulation under control with changing the ratio of aeration rate and ALR.     

固定床中好氧颗粒污泥动态吸附结晶紫染料

针对印染废水色度高,脱色难度大的问题,通过固定床工艺利用灭活的好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)对水中结晶紫(CV)进行动态吸附.通过对固定床高度、CV初始浓度和和流速对穿透曲线的影响进行探讨,采用Thomas模型和BDST模型对动态吸附试验所得数据拟合并获得了相应参数.试验结果表明,随着固定床高度的增加,穿透时间和饱和吸附时间延长;当CV初始浓度和流速增加时,穿透时间和饱和吸附时间急剧缩短.Thomas模型能够很好地描述AGS对CV的动态吸附动力学.当CV浓度为100mg/L,流速为8.3mL/min,固定床高度为20cm时AGS对CV的吸附动力学与Thomas模型拟合程度最好,相关系数为0.9813.BDST模型能准确预测穿透时间,平均误差小于10%.吸附CV染料后AGS可用无水乙醇进行再生.     

复合淋洗剂土柱淋洗法修复Cd、Pb污染土壤

选取三氯化铁和有机酸(柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸)复合淋洗,采用土柱淋洗的方法对Cd、Pb污染土壤进行淋洗实验,研究了复合淋洗剂浓度配比、淋洗剂用量和淋洗次数对重金属去除效果的影响,并测定了土壤淋洗前后Cd、Pb形态的变化。结果表明:三氯化铁浓度为10 mmol/L,有机酸浓度为20 mmol/L时,淋洗率Cd为72.15%,Pb为30.26%,与使用单一淋洗剂相比均有大幅提升。复合淋洗剂能有效地去除交换态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态重金属,而对有机态和残余态部分重金属作用效果不明显;Cd比Pb容易去除是由于污染土壤中Cd的存在形态主要是可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态,而Pb的存在形态主要是有机结合态和残渣态。淋洗后土壤中Cd和Pb均达到土壤环境质量标准。