基于PSO算法的BP神经网络对水体叶绿素a的预测

BP神经网络(Back Propagation Network)在水体富营养化评价及预测中已广泛应用,但传统BP算法的收敛速度慢并易陷入局部最优. 提出了一种基于微粒群(PSO)算法的BP神经网络模型,利用PSO对神经网络的权值进行修正,优化神经网络结构及算法全局收敛性. 选择最能代表明湖水质状况的5号采样点作为研究对象,把2009年4月—2010年3月的月样本插值为周样本,对明湖ρ(Chla)的短期变化趋势进行了预测,并用6号采样点数据来验证网络的泛化能力. 比较分析基于PSO算法的新模型与传统BP算法模型的预测精度表明,新模型有效克服了传统算法的缺点,提高了网络的预测能力和学习能力.      

菌株J1对铜绿微囊藻光合作用的影响及其溶藻活性成分的研究

利用浮游植物荧光仪研究了芽胞杆菌属菌株J1胞外溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻叶绿素荧光活性的影响,并采用α-萘酚反应、考马斯亮蓝法和定磷法对无菌滤液中溶藻活性物质进行了初步判定,结合蛋白酶处理、透析、活性炭吸附与解吸的方法对其相关特性进行了研究. 结果表明:试验第9天,加入无菌滤液的处理组,反映铜绿微囊藻叶绿素荧光活性的参数显著下降,其最大电子相对传递速率,光能转化效率,PSⅡ潜在活性和PSⅡ实际光合效率分别是对照的0.22%,0.33%,4.37%和5.56%;J1的溶藻活性物质可能为糖类物质,但不是蛋白质和核酸类物质,其分子质量小于8 ku,可被活性炭吸附.      

城市土壤压实对树木叶片叶绿素及光合生理特性的影响

由于机械碾压、人为践踏等原因,城市土壤压实严重。由于压实,土壤物理性状发生改变：土壤容重增大、孔隙度降低及结构性变差等。这些改变影响土壤性质的同时影响树木的生长。以乐昌含笑Micheliach apensis、深山含笑Michelia maudiae和大叶冬青llex latifola为实验材料,参照南京市土壤压实现状模拟不同程度的土壤压实环境,研究了土壤压实下乐昌含笑、深山含笑和大叶冬青3种幼树叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理特性等的变化情况。采用乙醇萃取法测定树木叶片叶绿素含量,用美国Li-coR公司生产的Li-6400光合仪测定树木叶片光合生理特性,测定参数包括净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（G）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间cO2摩尔分数（Ci）等。并分析树木叶绿素含量在不同土壤压实环境下变化差异性,及各光合生理参数之间相关性。结果表明,随着压实强度的增强,3种树种叶绿素含量逐渐降低;与对照相比,不同压实处理下,叶片叶绿素含量均不同程度下降,且在重度压实下各树种叶片叶绿素含量降低幅度均最大,分别达到41．87％、29．36％及27．66％;方差分析表明,各土壤压实处理下叶绿素含量与对照之间存在显著性差异;在压实环境下,光合生理特性参数值净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（G）和蒸腾速率（珀与对照下各参数数值相比也呈下降趋势。皮尔森相关性分析发现,各光合生理特性参数之间相关性显著。但不同压实处理下,各树木胞间CO2浓度（G）变化趋势不一致。     

酸雨胁迫对木荷叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3种不同pH值（2.5、4.0、5.6）的模拟酸雨溶液对2年生木荷（Schima superba）幼苗叶片气体交换和荧光参数的影响。结果表明：在不同酸雨处理下,净光合速率和气孔导度日变化均呈＂双峰＂型,最大净光合速率和最高表观量子效率（AQE）变化趋势依次是pH4.0〉pH5.6〉pH2.5,说明pH4.0处理对木荷光合作用有促进作用;在不同酸雨处理下,PSⅡ原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和相对叶绿素含量均呈现出pH4.0〉pH5.6〉pH2.5的变化趋势,pH4.0酸雨处理下表现出最高值,说明适度降低酸雨pH值（pH4.0）并不会对木荷的光合系统活性造成损伤,反而有促进作用,表明木荷对酸雨有较强的适应能力。     

INTEGRATION OF WATER QUALITY MODELING,REMOTE SENSING,AND GIS1

ABSTRACT: Water quality modeling has been developed for more than three quarters of a century, but is limited to the study of trends instead of making accurate short-term forecasts. A major barrier to water quality forecasting is the lack of an efficient system for water quality monitoring. Traditional water quality sampling is time-consuming, expensive, and can only be taken for small sizes. Remote sensing provides a new technique to monitor water quality repetitively for a large area. The objective of this research is to use remotely sensed data in a water quality model - QUAL2E - in a case study of the Te-Chi Reservoir in Taiwan. The water quality variables developed from the simulations are displayed in map form. The developed forecasting system is designed to predict water quality variables using remote sensing data as an input to initialize and update water quality conditions.     

杭州湾北岸奉贤水域大肠菌群和异养细菌的生态分布

通过2004年夏季对杭州湾奉贤水域有关微生物及其环境因子的检测,分析研究该水域大肠菌群、异养细菌的生态分布特征、污染程度及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,该水域均不同程度地受大肠菌群和异养细菌的污染,其中大肠菌群在50~1700/L,属于国家二级海水,呈现近陆断面高于远陆断面的分布特征;异养细菌丰度在2.3×103~1.6×105/mL,应属于中度污染,呈现远陆断面高于近陆断面的分布特征。该水域浮游植物总数量平均值为1043.70×104/m3。通过对环境因子相关性分析发现,大肠菌群和异养细菌总数与叶绿素a有明显的正相关性,其相关系数分别为0.73和0.6179。     

Tracking Cholera in Coastal Regions Using Satellite Observations1

Jutla, Antarpreet S., Ali S. Akanda, and Shafiqul Islam, 2010. Tracking Cholera in Coastal Regions Using Satellite Observations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 651-662. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00448.x Abstract: Cholera remains a significant health threat across the globe. The pattern and magnitude of the seven global pandemics suggest that cholera outbreaks primarily originate in coastal regions and then spread inland through secondary means. Cholera bacteria show strong association with plankton abundance in coastal ecosystems. This review study investigates the relationship(s) between cholera incidence and coastal processes and explores utility of using remote sensing data to track coastal plankton blooms, using chlorophyll as a surrogate variable for plankton abundance, and subsequent cholera outbreaks. Most studies over the last several decades have primarily focused on the microbiological and epidemiological understanding of cholera outbreaks. Accurate identification and mechanistic understanding of large scale climatic, geophysical, and oceanic processes governing cholera-chlorophyll relationship is important for developing cholera prediction models. Development of a holistic understanding of these processes requires long and reliable chlorophyll datasets, which are beginning to be available through satellites. We have presented a schematic pathway and a modeling framework that relate cholera with various hydroclimatic and oceanic variables for understanding disease dynamics using the latest advances in remote sensing. Satellite data, with its unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage, have potentials to monitor coastal processes and track cholera outbreaks in endemic regions.     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper in wild grapevine

The present study evaluates the tolerance and accumulation potential of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris under moderate and high external Cu levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of external Cu concentrations (0–23 mmol L⁻¹) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments. We also measured the total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium concentrations in the plant tissues. All the experimental plants survived even with external Cu concentrations as high as 23 mmol L⁻¹ (1500 mg Cu L⁻¹), although the excess of metal resulted in a biomass reduction of 35%. The effects of Cu on growth were linked to a reduction in net photosynthesis, which may be related to the effect of the high concentration of the metal on photosynthetic electron transport. V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris survived with leaf Cu concentrations as high as 80 mg kg⁻¹ DW and growth parameters were unaffected by leaf tissue concentrations of 35 mg Cu kg⁻¹ DW. The results of our study indicate that plants of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris from the studied population are more tolerant to Cu than the commercial varieties of grapevine that have been studied in the literature, and could constitute a basis for the genetic improvement of Cu tolerance in grapevine.     

Assessing the physiological state of woody plants by parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence in the bark of annual shoots

The relative yield of variable chlorophyll fluorescence in the bark of annual shoots of woody plants was measured with a portable pulse-modulated fluorometer designed for this purpose at the Department of Biophysics (Biological Faculty, Moscow State University). Experiments were performed to study the response of this parameter to external influences (treatment with an herbicide, water loss, etc.). The results demonstrated the possibility of reliably recording the parameters of fluorescence in the annual shoots of various woody plants without damaging these shoots. It is concluded that measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in the bark of woody plants can be used for analyzing changes in the physiological state of tree stands under the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors.     

江阴地区主要内河叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析

根据江阴市四条主要内河锡澄运河、白屈港河、张家港河及横河的监测数据,分析叶绿素?a（Chla）的动态变化及其与理化水质因子的相关关系,并建立逐步回归多元线性模型,筛选与Chla显著相关的水质因子。结果表明,四条河道Chla存在明显的时间变化和空间分异。不同河道对Chla有显著影响的水质因子各不相同。总体来说,锡澄运河、白屈港河及张家港河Chla的主要影响因子为水温和外源输入,而横河除了这两个因子外,还受P和NH3-N影响。