建设项目环境影响后评价

建设项目环境影响后评价是一个新生事物,它的发生和发展需要人员的关注和支持。《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》是建设项目环境影响后评价的法律依据,建设项目环境影响后评价分为主动后评价和责成后评价,应当在建设项目正常运行阶段,运行负荷会达到设计符合的75%以上进行。建设项目环境影响后评价的主要程序分为准备阶段、评价阶段和报告编制阶段,各阶段均有后评价独特的工作内容和技术要求。据此以污水处理厂后评价为例,沿着评价程序的这一主线,详细介绍了建设项目环境影响后评价各阶段的主要工作内容和技术要求,为规范建设项目环境影响后评价提供思路。     

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

Classification of different sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

The method for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline based on the improved ITA and ALO

To solve the problems of the difficulty in early leakage monitoring and larger positioning error for urban hazardous chemicals pipelines, the optimized method based on the improved Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) was proposed. Firstly, based on the obtained experiment's results of leakage of natural gas in the non-metallic pipeline, the segment classification method was incorporated into the pressure gradient calculation. The modified method can adapt to the multi-node characteristics of urban pipe networks and help to obtain the preliminary positioning calculation results after optimization. Then the calculation results were embedded in the ITA calculation model. The input parameters of the gas pipeline such as boundary conditions, leakage rate and friction coefficient were used to establish the characteristic linear equations. Then the objective function of the least-squares criterion was defined, and the improved ITA model suitable for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline networks was constructed. Finally, the ALO was used to optimize the calculation process of the improved ITA model, and iteratively optimize the optimal friction coefficient and its corresponding minimum objective function (OF) value. As a result, a more precise location of the leakage source was calculated. The validation of the modified method is conducted by comparing the calculated values with the experiment's results. The results show that the method can accurately predict the location where the pipeline leakage occurs. The minimum error is 3.17%. Compared with the traditional ITA, this method not only accelerates the convergence speed of the objective function, but also improves the accuracy of location calculation.     

高校食堂清洁生产行动方案的研究

高校食堂是高校建设的重要环节之一,清洁生产能更加有效的管理高校食堂.文章以南京某高校食堂为例,通过问卷调查和实地考察的形式,分析高校食堂各个过程能耗比例和污染物产生的原因,并且对高校食堂电消耗、一次性消耗品和固体废物提出具体措施.结果显示:清洁生产每年平均节约电费1.25万元;减少一次性用品并且每年平均增加收益2 058元;平均减少剩饭剩菜14.83％.     

上海秋冬季PM2.5污染天气形势的客观分型研究

通过分析2013—2015年上海地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度观测资料,发现11、12、1月3个月对PM_(2.5)年总浓度的贡献达到36.4%,对总污染日数的贡献达到50.4%,对PM_(2.5)环境质量的影响最显著.采用T-mode斜交旋转分解方法(PCT),对2012—2015每年11月、12月和次年1月的海平面气压场和10 m风场进行大样本客观分型研究,揭示了4种秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)易污染的天气环流类型,分别为冷锋(Cw)、高压后部弱气压场(WGh)、高压前部弱气压场(WGl和WGf).对上海而言,冷锋、高后弱气压、高前弱气压分别表现为有利于上游污染输送、本地静稳累积、以及本地积累和上游输送相叠加的天气学特征.对比2个典型污染月(2013年1月和12月)和清洁月(2014年11月和2015年11月)的逐日分型结果发现,Cw环流控制下污染输送对秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)环境质量影响显著,高前弱气压的维持是导致上海3次连续重度污染的重要原因.     

太子河流域硅藻群落与驱动因子的定量关系

定量研究水生生物对水环境参数的适宜值是评估栖息地质量和维持生物完整性的主要途径. 以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,选择Y(优势度指数)大于0.000 1的硅藻为研究对象,结合水环境参数,采用CCA(典范对应分析)、CART(分类回归树)和WA(加权平均回归分析)等方法,分析硅藻与水环境因子的关系,并计算硅藻对驱动因子的最适值. CCA结果表明,IOS(底质指数)、ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(COD_Mn)是硅藻群落的驱动因子;CART预测结果表明,IOS高的水环境硅藻密度高于IOS低的水环境,ρ(TDS)和ρ(COD_Mn)低的水环境硅藻密度高于ρ(TDS)和ρ(COD_Mn)高的水环境;WA结果显示,96种硅藻对IOS、ρ(TDS)和ρ(COD_Mn)的最适值范围分别为1.00~6.44、60.29~820.30 mg/L和0.46~2.89 mg/L. 钝端菱形藻解剖刀变种和尖端菱形藻适宜栖息于IOS较低而ρ(COD_Mn)较高的水环境, Gomphonema trancatum和肿大桥弯藻则适宜栖息于IOS较高的水环境;缠结异极藻二叉变种和尖细异极藻适宜栖息于ρ(TDS)较高的水环境,弧形峨眉藻和克洛钝脆杆藻则适宜栖息于ρ(TDS)较低的水环境;弧形峨眉藻和隐头舟形藻威蓝变种适宜栖息于ρ(COD_Mn)较低的水环境. 针杆藻和桥弯藻对IOS的最适值高于舟形藻和菱形藻以及其他藻种,96种硅藻对ρ(TDS)和ρ(COD_Mn)的最适值均表现为菱形藻和异极藻较高、针杆藻和桥弯藻较低.      

北京市建筑节能现状与对策

建筑能耗在北京市能耗总量中是关键的一部分,推广节能建筑对于北京市的低碳发展具有重要意义。在当前北京市建筑节能工作中,采暖能耗是节能减排的重点,公共建筑能耗增加需要控制。在北京市低碳建筑推进工作中遇到了评测标准、检验方法的不完善,企业与个人的动力不足以及相关技术创新能力较低的障碍。针对这些问题,政府应从加强宣传与干预、建立低碳建筑标准规范和技术体系角度实施相应的应对措施,鼓励企业和个人选择低碳建筑,完善检测标准,健全技术创新体系,促进低碳建筑的推广。     

浅谈石化企业体系审核策划的增值

从审核方案策划和审核实施策划两个方面就审核策划的增值方案制订、实施方式和途径进行了探讨。