化学品危险性鉴别分类技术研究

从涉及化学品物理危险性的爆炸性测试技术、燃烧性测试技术、氧化性测试技术分析出发,全面深入地讨论化学品危险性测试技术的工作模式、测试程序及各种测试方法的相互关联性和适用性。针对化学品的健康、环境危险性,提出应采用非脊椎动物测试技术,并对涉及化学品危险性鉴别分类技术中一些具有发展潜力的非测试技术进行归纳和分析,指出化学品危险性鉴别分类技术应重点开展清洁高效、智能探测、快速准确鉴别分类技术方面的研究,因此,如何灵活高效地运用现有的鉴别分类测试技术具有重要的意义。     

浅埋薄基岩煤层短壁连采模式及应用研究

随着短壁连采技术的发展和应用,给浅埋薄基岩煤层的高效开采创造了有利条件。本文以神东煤田浅埋区域2-2煤层为研究对象,从分析其覆岩活动规律入手,借助实践经验、实验数据、理论计算及计算机模拟等结论,得出浅埋薄基岩煤层短壁回采工艺的一系列合理参数(主要包括:工作面长度、采硐布置方式、宽度、同采数量、煤柱尺寸、支护方式等),从而确定出浅埋薄基岩煤层短壁连采技术适用条件分类(划分为五个类别:Ⅰ单一采硐式、Ⅱ5间10m-多硐间隔式、Ⅲ5间5m-多硐间隔式、Ⅳ10间5m-多硐间隔式、Ⅴ多硐连续式),形成了浅埋薄基岩煤层开采模式。经过在苏家壕煤矿的应用,成功解决了薄基岩条件下短壁工作面高产高效的问题,并取得了良好效果,对其他相似煤层的开采具有广泛的指导意义。     

流域生态补偿理论探讨

流域生态补偿是协调流域生态环境保护和经济发展之间矛盾,调整流域内区域间损益关系的有效手段。文章从流域内人类活动产生的损益人手,论述了流域生态补偿的概念、理论基础和运行机铷,并利用经济学原理,对生态补偿的必要性和补偿标准进行了理论解析,给出了流域生态补偿必要性的理论依据和需要补偿量的理论值。在此基础上,根据流域人类活动的正负外部性等原则,对流域生态补偿进行了分类。依据流域生态补偿分类,梳理出了我国流域生态补偿重点区域。通过对流域生态补偿理论探讨,以期作为进一步研究和应用实践的参考和启示。     

Maximum likelihood fitting of the Poisson lognormal distribution

In this paper some properties and analytic expressions regarding the Poisson lognormal distribution such as moments, maximum likelihood function and related derivatives are discussed. The author provides a sharp approximation of the integrals related to the Poisson lognormal probabilities and analyzes the choice of the initial values in the fitting procedure. Based on these he describes a new procedure for carrying out the maximum likelihood fitting of the truncated Poisson lognormal distribution. The method and results are illustrated on real data. The computer program for calculations is freely available.

基于水文地貌分类的湿地干扰评价研究——以挠力河流域为例

基于湿地功能的水文地貌分类是一种评价湿地理化性质、生态功能及人类干扰的分类方法.借助ARCGIS软件的空间分析功能,采用层次分析法和模糊优选评价模型对挠力河流域湿地不同的水文地貌单元进行分类评价.结果显示,挠力河流域平原湿地生态区域可以划分为河岸带、低洼地、倾斜地和微高地4个水文地貌单元,人类干扰强度分别为0.043 2、0.093 0、0.397 6、0.937 4.其中河岸带和低洼地为轻干扰区,占湿地总面积50.09%;倾斜地为中度干扰区,占湿地总面积17.42%;微高地为严重干扰区,占湿地总面积32.49%.目前,湿地功能尚处于较好状态.     

基于HFACS的化工企业火灾爆炸事故人因分析*

为研究化工企业火灾爆炸事故的主要人为因素,以63起火灾爆炸事故案例为样本,构建人为因素分析与分类系统（HFACS）模型,进行火灾爆炸事故人为因素分类统计与分析,并利用卡方检验和比值比分析HFACS模型上下层级间的因果关系。结果表明:HFACS模型中上下层级人为因素间存在显著的因果关系,层级1中的“不良的组织氛围”及“组织过程漏洞”和层级2中“监督不充分”在HFACS模型中可以显著增大事故发生的可能性,且“资源管理漏洞”、“不良的组织氛围”、“组织过程漏洞”→“监督不充分”→“人员因素”→“违规”是引发事故的关键路径,并根据HFACS模型中引发事故的关键路径及其人为因素的主要表现形式,提出针对性的化工企业火灾爆炸事故预防措施。     

基于防冲的孤岛工作面分类及应用研究

针对目前煤矿孤岛工作面冲击地压类型复杂且治理缺乏针对性的问题,提出了“分类防治”的思路,围绕导致孤岛工作面冲击的高应力这一本质原因,并综合考虑覆岩运动、地质构造、开采、空间等因素,基于防冲对孤岛工作面进行分类;将孤岛工作面分为充分采动、非充分采动、充分-非充分采动、立体、“隐性”和复合型6种类型;将该分类方法应用于孤岛工作面采前冲击危险性评估,并根据评估结果对孤岛工作面冲击地压实施分类防治。研究结果表明:该分类方法可有效控制孤岛工作面冲击地压灾害。     

Classification of driving workload affected by highway alignment conditions based on classification and regression tree algorithm

Objective: Guaranteeing a safe and comfortable driving workload can contribute to reducing traffic injuries. In order to provide safe and comfortable threshold values, this study attempted to classify driving workload from the aspects of human factors mainly affected by highway geometric conditions and to determine the thresholds of different workload classifications. This article stated a hypothesis that the values of driver workload change within a certain range.

Methods: Driving workload scales were stated based on a comprehensive literature review. Through comparative analysis of different psychophysiological measures, heart rate variability (HRV) was chosen as the representative measure for quantifying driving workload by field experiments. Seventy-two participants (36 car drivers and 36 large truck drivers) and 6 highways with different geometric designs were selected to conduct field experiments. A wearable wireless dynamic multiparameter physiological detector (KF-2) was employed to detect physiological data that were simultaneously correlated to the speed changes recorded by a Global Positioning System (GPS) (testing time, driving speeds, running track, and distance). Through performing statistical analyses, including the distribution of HRV during the flat, straight segments and P-P plots of modified HRV, a driving workload calculation model was proposed. Integrating driving workload scales with values, the threshold of each scale of driving workload was determined by classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms.

Results: The driving workload calculation model was suitable for driving speeds in the range of 40 to 120 km/h. The experimental data of 72 participants revealed that driving workload had a significant effect on modified HRV, revealing a change in driving speed. When the driving speed was between 100 and 120 km/h, drivers showed an apparent increase in the corresponding modified HRV. The threshold value of the normal driving workload K was between ?0.0011 and 0.056 for a car driver and between ?0.00086 and 0.067 for a truck driver.

Conclusion: Heart rate variability was a direct and effective index for measuring driving workload despite being affected by multiple highway alignment elements. The driving workload model and the thresholds of driving workload classifications can be used to evaluate the quality of highway geometric design. A higher quality of highway geometric design could keep driving workload within a safer and more comfortable range. This study provided insight into reducing traffic injuries from the perspective of disciplinary integration of highway engineering and human factor engineering.     

Ecotoxicological Classification of the Berlin River System Using Bioassays in Respect to the European Water Framework Directive

Bioassays as well as biochemical responses (biomarkers) in ecosystems due to environmental stress provide us with signals (environmentally signalling) of potential damage in the environment. If these responses are perceived in this early stage in ecosystems, the eventual damage can be prevented. Once ecosystem damage has occurred, the remedial action processes for recovery could be expensive and pose certain logistical problems. Ideally, “early warning signals” in ecosystems using sensing systems of biochemical responses (biomarkers) would not only tell us the initial levels of damage, but these signals will also provide us with answers by the development of control strategies and precautionary measures in respect to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Clear technical guidelines or technical specifications on monitoring are necessary to establish and characterise reference conditions for use in an ecological status classification system for surface water bodies. For the Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment (ERA) of endocrine effects we used an approach of the exposure – dose – response concept. Based on the “Ecototoxicological Classification System of Sediments” that uses pT-values to classify effects in different river systems, we transferred the bio-monitoring data to the five-level ecological system of the WFD. To understand the complexity of the structure of populations and processes behind the health of populations, communities and ecosystems an ERA should establish links between natural factors, chemicals, and biological responses so as to assess causality. So, our ecological monitoring assessment has incorporated exposure & effects data.     

环境空气质量指数计算方法与分级方案比较

环境空气质量指数(AQI)广泛应用于各国环境空气质量评价体系之中,旨在为公众提供简单明了的空气质量信息和健康指引。通过对不同国家和地区空气质量指数的名称、计算方法、分级方案进行深入分析和比较,系统分析了各种空气质量指数的优缺点,并针对我国当前的空气质量指数体系存在的问题提出了相应的改进建议。