Ecosystem classification for EU habitat distribution assessment in sandy coastal environments: An application in central Italy

Many recent developments in coastal science have gone against the demands of European Union legislation. Coastal dune systems which cover small areas of the earth can host a high level of biodiversity. However, human pressure on coastal zones around the world has increased dramatically in the last 50 years. In addition to direct habitat loss, the rapid extinction of many species that are unique to these systems can be attributed to landscape deterioration through the lack of appropriate management. In this paper, we propose to use of an ecosystem classification technique that integrates potential natural vegetation distribution as a reference framework for coastal dune EU Habitats (92/43) distribution analysis and assessment. As an example, the present study analyses the EU Habitats distribution within a hierarchical ecosystem classification of the coastal dune systems of central Italy. In total, 24 land elements belonging to 8 land units, 5 land facets, 2 land systems and 2 land regions were identified for the coastal dunes of central Italy, based on diagnostic land attributes. In central Italy, coastal dune environments including all the beach area, mobile dunes and all the fixed-dune land elements contain or could potentially hold at least one EU habitat of interest. Almost all dune slack transitions present the potentiality for the spontaneous development of EU woodlands of interest. The precise information concerning these ecosystems distribution and ecological relationships that this method produces, makes it very effective in Natura 2000 European network assessment. This hierarchical ecosystem classification method facilitates the identification of areas to be surveyed and eventually bound, under the implementation of EU Habitat directive (92/43) including areas with highly disturbed coastal dune ecosystems.     

基于区分权的水质综合评价方法

论证"隶属度"作为相似性度量是水质评价的最佳选择,定义指标区分权重,规范隶属函数的拓扑空间结构、代数性质和标准化方法,建立基于区分权的水质评价模型。     

判别分析与决策树分析在化学物质生态危害分类中的应用

运用Fisher判别、马氏距离判别和决策树分析3种方法对61种环境优先污染物的生态危害程度进行分类,并比较了各模型的分类正确率.结果显示,决策树分析方法分类正确率最高,为92%;马氏距离判别其次,为87%;Fisher判别最低,为75%.决策树分析方法不仅减少了2项评价指标,而且对61个新数据矩阵的多次分析显示其分类能力非常稳定,正确率基本符合正态分布,且保持在92%左右,为3种方法中最优的分类方法.     

Use of Basic Biological Information for Rapid Prediction of the Response of Species to Habitat Loss

Abstract:  Much research has focused on identifying traits that can act as useful indicators of how habitat loss affects the extinction risk of species, and the results are mixed. We developed 2 simple, rapid-assessment models of the susceptibility of species to habitat loss. We based both on an index of range size, but one also incorporated an index of body mass and the other an index combining habitat and dietary specialization. We applied the models to samples of birds (Accipitridae and Bucerotidae) and to the lemurs of Madagascar and compared the models' classifications of risk with the IUCN's global threat status of each species. The model derived from ecological attributes was much more robust than the one derived from body mass. Ecological attributes identified threatened birds and lemurs with an average of 80% accuracy and endangered and critically endangered species with 100% accuracy and identified some species not currently listed as threatened that almost certainly warrant conservation consideration. Appropriate analysis of even fairly crude biological information can help raise early-warning flags to the relative susceptibilities of species to habitat loss and thus provide a useful and rapid technique for highlighting potential species-level conservation issues. Advantages of this approach to classifying risk include flexibility in the specialization parameters used as well as its applicability at a range of spatial scales.     

Irreversible Investment in Wetlands Preservation: Optimal Ecosystem Restoration Under Uncertainty

The model, a stochastic dynamic program, is used to optimize the timing and type of protective structure under a range of management goals. A wetland can either be optimal for fish or optimal for mammals and waterfowl, but not both. Because credible estimates of the economic values of wetland services do not exist, we treat those values as parameters in a multiobjective analysis and show the decisions implied by alternative valuations. The model is applied to the case of Metzger Marsh, a Lake Erie coastal wetland near Toledo, Ohio, where the decision was made in 1993 to construct an open dike. We find that the optimal decision is robust with respect to varying assumptions about the formation of barrier beaches and the probability of climate change, but that the decision is not robust to assumptions concerning the health of an unprotected Metzger Marsh. The most important source of uncertainty is the biological health of an unprotected wetland.     

中国30个地区环境技术创新能力分类特征

区域环境技术创新能力是决定区域产业发展水平、经济实力增长的关键,是区域可持续竞争优势的源泉.本文通过搜集环境技术创新投入、产出与关联的相关变量和数据;利用Q型聚类方法,提取最具代表性的变量指标;然后对缩减后的变量作因子分析,提取主成分,随之,按照各区域的主成分值进行聚类,确定各区域所属类别,并采用判别分析方法,对各区域所属类别进行检验、调整.结果显示:第一类地区主要包括海南在内的经济发展较为落后、生态环境遭受破坏相对较少的我国西部地区;第二类地区主要集中在技术引进与吸收能力强、区域内企业实力强、人力资本积聚能力强的东部和中部地区;第三类地区主要集中在我国农业产业发展历史悠久,但随着农业向工业快速发展,所遭受的环境破坏也愈发严重的中部地区;第四类地区主要包括辽宁、四川等我国工业制造业最集中和发达的地区;第五类地区则是我国市场经济发展最完善、环保方面的经济活动表现相对较优的东南沿海地区.最后,结合各类别地区环境技术创新的实际状况与原因,针对性地提出对策,为提升各区域环境技术创新能力提供参考.     

磷矿矿山顶板稳定性分级方法

冒顶片帮事故是地下矿山危害最为严重的事故,矿山地压管理是地下开采矿山安全管理的重要任务.顶板稳定性分析是地压管理的重要方法.提出了顶板稳定性分级的指标和分级方法.首次指出风化作用对顶板稳定性的影响,并就地下水对顶板稳定性的影响进行了分析.     

“安全科学技术”一级学科修订

介绍《学科分类与代码》国家标准中"安全科学技术"一级学科经过5年完成了制定,简述颁布16年后的实施及实践活动。近3年,经过多方研讨、论证,于2009年5月完成了"安全科学技术"一级学科的修订工作。通过该学科重新修订,进一步理顺了下属学科的名称、层次和隶属关系,增设多个(包括公共安全)二级学科和三级学科,使学科内容更加丰富、系统和完整。《学科分类与代码》国家标准GB/T13745—2009(代替GB/T13745—1992)的颁布实施,使"安全科学技术"一级学科在我国科教界的地位进一步巩固、发展和完善。     

用于早期火灾分类的非线性决策树支持向量机

对早期火灾信息进行研究,提出了一种基于非线性决策树的支持向量机多类分类模型。该模型利用非线性映射将样本投影到高维特征空间,比较每类样本在高维空间的分布情况,进行聚类构造出一个二叉决策树,使容易区分的类别从根节点逐层分类出来,有效克服了错分积累和避免不可分情况;同时,各个节点采用二值最小二乘小波支持向量机,以获得较高的泛化能力。该文将该模型用于早期火灾分类,并与BP神经网络、K近邻法和决策树方法进行比较,实验结果表明,该模型对早期火灾的识别率更高。     

废弃地的内涵、分类及成因探析

废弃地作为我国后备土地资源的一种特殊类型,对它的防治以及再开发利用已成为实现土地资源可持续发展的有力保障。目前国内已有一些介绍有关废弃地景观更新案例的文献,但是对于废弃地的概念、分类等至今仍缺乏深入系统的分析研究。在分析国内外废弃地概念的起源、发展过程的基础上,结合现阶段我国社会经济的发展特征,提出了废弃地的概念和判别模型;结合土地分类标准,根据4种不同层面的分类依据对现有的废弃地进行了归并分类;同时综合不同类型废弃地形成的原因,从两个方面对废弃地的成因进行了系统的阐述,并在此基础上对我国废弃地的防治以及恢复利用提出了建立健全废弃地管理机构、完善政策法规、加强基础研究以及促进废弃地开发利用等的政策建议.