Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

中国典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘前、后土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①天然湿地转变为养殖塘后,土壤细菌群落多样性与丰富度均有所下降;②天然湿地转变为养殖塘未显著改变细菌门水平群落组成,湿地优势细菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;③天然湿地转变为养殖塘改变了土壤优势细菌属,九龙江口和东寨港湿地转变后,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）相对丰度均有所升高,东寨港湿地转变后土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）相对丰度也有所增加,并新增了气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）;4环境因子对湿地土壤细菌相对丰度有显著影响,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）与含水量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;Sulfurimonas、Woeseia等细菌属与土壤容重呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此可见,湿地围垦养殖对土壤微环境产生了较大影响,养殖户在进行养殖作业时需格外注重生态环境的健康与可持续发展.     

滨海城区土地利用格局时空演变及生态服务价值研究--以大连市旅顺口区为例

基于大连市旅顺口区4期土地利用数据,应用土地利用矩阵等方法揭示了2006—2015年旅顺口区土地利用方式和生态服务价值的时空变化特征。结果发现:①旅顺口区土地利用呈现出从未利用地、耕地转移至建设用地的趋势,北部建设用地与耕地之间转换最为剧烈。②近10年间旅顺口区生态服务价值降低了5.63亿元,“建设用地→林地”是生态服务价值提升效率最高的转换类型。③只有林地的生态敏感性指数大于1,说明旅顺口区生态服务价值缺乏弹性。     

青岛沿海地区夏季和冬季新粒子生成特征对比

利用宽范围粒径谱仪（WPS）和电迁移率粒径分析仪（SMPS）对青岛沿海地区夏、冬两季大气颗粒物数浓度和粒径谱分布进行了实时测量,同时结合无机和有机气态前体物、大气颗粒物化学组分、气象参数以及后向气流轨迹,对新粒子生成（NPF）特征进行了分析对比.结果表明,在夏季,NPF事件发生频率较低,为18%.夏季NPF事件发生时,大气颗粒物数浓度可增加1~4倍,新粒子表观生成速率和增长速率（除7月20日特殊事件）分别为（5.2±4.3）cm^-3·s^-1和（6.5±2.2）nm·h^-1,相关分析结果暗示生物源有机物（BVOCs）对新粒子生成有促进作用,人为源有机物（AVOCs）起抑制作用.冬季,NPF事件发生频率为27%,新粒子表观生成速率和增长速率分别为（3.3±3.1）cm^-3·s^-1和（5.3±3.3）nm·h^-1,大气颗粒物总数浓度在NPF天和非NPF天无显著差异.与夏季相反,相关分析结果暗示冬季人为源有机物（AVOCs）对新粒子生成有促进作用,而生物源有机物（BVOCs）与新粒子生成的关系不明显.此外,新粒子增长到CCN粒径范围（>50 nm）的增长特征呈现季节性差异：在夏季,新粒子生成后可在光化学作用下直接增长到CCN粒径范围,而在冬季,新粒子需经历两阶段增长,第二阶段增长中颗粒态硝酸铵的生成方可使新粒子增长至CCN粒径范围.     

江苏沿海地区耕地利用转型及其生态系统服务价值变化响应

论文以江苏沿海地区1990、2000和2010年3期土地利用空间数据为基础,在GIS、地学信息图谱理论和Costanza等生态系统服务价值测算方法的支持下合成时间序列表征下的耕地利用转型图谱、耕地利用转型模式图谱和生态系统服务价值图谱,据此揭示江苏沿海地区耕地转型时空变化特征及其生态系统服务价值变化响应规律。结果表明：1）1990-2000年阶段耕地以建设用地、水域和林地占用为主,补充耕地来源除建设用地、水域和林地外,还包括了草地,耕地占用大于补充。空间差异以“耕地→建设用地”、“草地→耕地”最为明显,空间分离度低。2）2000-2010年阶段耕地占用的去向增加了未利用地,草地仍是主要的耕地补充来源。空间上以“耕地→建设用地”和“耕地→水域”图谱变化最为显著,空间分离度变大。3）1990-2010年耕地利用转型模式以后期变化最为显著。4）近20 a间,江苏沿海生态系统服务总价值由170.85×10⁸元提升为182.23×10⁸元,水域是提高生态系统服务价值最主要的贡献类型。耕地利用转型导致耕地的生态系统服务价值降低,“耕地→建设用地”是最主要的生态减值图谱 类型。     

Resource users as land-sea links in coastal and marine socioecological systems

Coastal zones, which connect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are among the most resource-rich regions globally and home to nearly 40% of the global human population. Because human land-based activities can alter natural processes in ways that affect adjacent aquatic ecosystems, land-sea interactions are increasingly recognized as critical to coastal conservation planning and governance. However, the complex socioeconomic dynamics inherent in coastal and marine socioecological systems (SESs) have received little consideration. Drawing on knowledge generalized from long-term studies in Caribbean Nicaragua, we devised a conceptual framework that clarifies the multiple ways socioeconomically driven behavior can link the land and sea. In addition to other ecosystem effects, the framework illustrates how feedbacks resulting from changes to aquatic resources can influence terrestrial resource management decisions and land uses. We assessed the framework by applying it to empirical studies from a variety of coastal SESs. The results suggest its broad applicability and highlighted the paucity of research that explicitly investigates the effects of human behavior on coastal SES dynamics. We encourage researchers and policy makers to consider direct, indirect, and bidirectional cross-ecosystem links that move beyond traditionally recognized land-to-sea processes.     

沿海设施环境适应性试验和评价方法研究进展

概述了沿海设施所服役的腐蚀环境分类，主要分为海洋大气、浪花飞溅区及海水浸泡区，并对其暴露于大气和不同海洋环境位置的环境适应性试验评估方法进行了系统的总结分析。海洋大气环境模拟采用干湿交替加速腐蚀法，或建立户外大气暴露试验台开展试验；海水飞溅区试验通过实验室建海水冲刷试验装置进行模拟试验，或在实际环境中建立腐蚀试验中心开展试验；海水浸泡环境模拟通过海洋工程深水试验池开展试验。本研究对于开展海洋环境钢结构设施的防护性能考核评估具有重要意义，对沿海设施的环境适应评估方法发展具有指导意义。     

华北与闽粤沿海及银川地震区(带)地震周期的划分与研究

按地震在空间上的相似活动过程排列的华北与闽粤沿海及银川地震区 (带 )地震活动周期表 ,以华北地震活动为主线 ,将公元前 2 80年咸阳 5 级地震至 1 988年 2月 2 5日彰武 4 8级地震间 2 2 6 7年的华北地震活动划分为 4个时间层次。其组合关系是 ,一个超长地震周期由初、前、主、余震期 4个地震期组成 ;除前震期只有一个地震周期外 ,初、主、余震期都包含前弱后强两个地震周期 ;每个地震周期多分为初、前、主、余震段 4个地震段。闽粤沿海地震区和银川地震带的主震段分别与华北初、余震段同期活动。地震周期是介于前人划分的地震幕与地震活动期之间一个新的更为重要的时间层次。华北 7个地震周期的起止时间是 :-2 80 .5 0～ 8.2 2～ 880 .1 2～ 1 337.6 9～ 1 5 6 8.37～ 1 730 .75～ 1 85 5 .95～ 1 988.1 5年。并从时空强 3方面阐述了华北地震周期性活动规律 ,分析了 3个地震区、带地震周期的相互关系。华北地震周期可作为标准地震周期与不同地区地震周期相对比 ,具有重要的预报意义