安徽铜陵铜尾矿硫形态及硫同位素分布特征

分析讨论了安徽铜陵水木冲S和SP剖面尾矿砂的理化指标、硫形态变化和硫酸根硫同位素组成与分布特征.结果显示：S和SP剖面整体呈酸性,pH值为2.59~6.12和3.50~6.27,由下而上有明显的降低趋势;Eh随剖面由下至上明显升高,范围为66~457和-37~307mV;酸可挥发性硫（AVS）含量为0~62.36和0~3.44mg/g,黄铁矿硫（CRS）含量为0.70~32.30mg/g和0.17~5.39mg/g;AVS与CRS的变化趋势基本一致,随剖面自下而上减少,且AVS先于CRS被氧化.2个剖面元素硫（ES）含量为0~8.83和0~3.62mg/g,随深度变化无明显规律.硫酸根硫（SO₄^2--S）含量为8.44~66.34和8.48~29.87mg/g,自下而上呈降低趋势,且分别在剖面的氢氧化物薄膜层（11.5~16.5cm和18~54cm）出现高值区.2个剖面总硫（TS）含量为9.18~109.69和12.38~37.72mg/g,表层由于淋滤含量较低,底层变化则不大.位于斜坡上的SP剖面TS及各形态硫含量均低于S剖面,表明淋滤对硫含量影响更明显.硫酸根硫同位素δ³⁴S为-3.32‰~13.43‰和-3.08‰~1.80‰,S-9硫酸根δ³⁴S为13.43‰,指示其来自于伴生硬石膏,其余层位δ³⁴S偏负且变幅较小,指示其硫酸根主要来源于硫化物的氧化.     

热处理温度对热障涂层微观形貌及元素互扩散的影响

目的提高热障涂层抗氧化性能,并减小二次反应区的形成。方法采用真空电弧离子镀技术在二代单晶高温合金DD32表面制备NiCoCrAlYHf(HY5)金属粘结层,分别在870℃及1000℃下进行真空扩散处理,利用电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)技术制备氧化钇部分稳定氧化锆(YSZ)陶瓷层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)以及能谱(EDS)等测试方法,研究高温循环氧化过程中热障涂层的微观形貌、成分及扩散机制,同时计算了1、125 h氧化时间下Al元素互扩散系数。结果经过1000℃热循环、1000℃热处理的涂层氧化质量增量的绝对值较小,氧化速率常数为7.21×10-4,抗循环氧化性能较好。1100℃热处理试样,从涂层表面到基体方向Ni、Al、Cr等元素分布都比较均匀,在涂层与基体界面处,元素含量变化较为平滑。870℃热处理试样,Ni等元素质量分数分布不均,在涂层与基体界面处元素含量陡然变化,元素均质化程度低。Al元素扩散系数随着浓度的增加而增大,随着氧化时间的延长,粘结层与高温合金之间的元素扩散程度加剧,Al元素扩散系数减小。经过125h循环氧化,粘结层/基体界面出现互扩散区,互扩散区局部区域富Cr,Al含量低。循环氧化250 h后,热障涂层试样扩散区下方有拓扑密堆相TCP析出,形成二次反应区SRZ。真空扩散温度为870℃的试样,二次反应区更加明显。结论金属粘结层在1000℃下进行真空热处理可以有效提高涂层的抗氧化性能。涂层内部元素均质化程度高,Al元素扩散速率慢。同时,扩散区宽度较小,二次反应区不明显。     

荣成天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性和时空分布

磷是滨海湿地生产力的关键限制因素之一,有机磷的矿化分解是湿地活性磷的重要补充途径。本文以滨海荣成天鹅湖湿地为研究对象,通过采集不同季节、不同点位的表层水样,利用酶水解技术研究了天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性及其时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)天鹅湖已经出现轻度富营养化。有机磷是天鹅湖水体总磷(TP)重要组成部分,其中溶解态有机磷(DOP)的含量为0.039～0.123 mg/L,占水体TP的29%～74%,颗粒态有机磷(POP)的含量为0.011～0.073mg/L,占水体TP的11%～25%。(2)在有机磷中,24%～31%的DOP和41%～82%的POP是潜在的生物可利用磷。(3)天鹅湖DOP遵循春夏高而秋冬含量低的特点。有机磷空间分布非均一性,DOP主要分布在湖中区和入河口区。POP集中分布在北部入河口和湖心区及其北部沙滩区域。另外,通过相关性分析表明,有机磷与水环境因子关系密切,DOP和溶解态酶水解有机磷(DEHP)的含量可以指示水体富营养化程度。总之,水体有机磷循环供磷可能是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。因此,在富营养化的防治过程中应该采取有效措施防治有机磷的矿化。     

三峡库区支流库湾消落带土壤磷形态赋存特征及其释放风险

三峡库区消落带经历反复的淹水-落干循环影响,消落带土壤磷迁移转化过程加快,可能加剧支流库湾水体富营养化.采集了三峡库区腹心支流库湾典型消落带土壤,测定磷赋存形态与磷素饱和度(DPS)等,分析磷释放风险.结果表明,(1)消落带土壤ω[总磷(TP)]、ω[无机磷(IP)]和ω[有机磷(OP)]均值分别为771.80、485.33和166.30 mg·kg^-1,IP和OP均以非活性形态磷为主.(2)消落带土壤形态磷的赋存格局受落干-淹水方式影响,Ex-P和NaHCO₃-Po含量显著高于对照土壤,Fe-P、HCl-Po和Fulvic-Po含量沿高程下降而显著降低(P<0.05),反复的干湿交替促进了消落带土壤活性磷的生成和中等活性磷的释放和积累.(3)消落带土壤生物ω[有效磷(Bio-P)]为49.19～148.78 mg·kg^-1,占TP的质量分数为7.71%～24.78%,磷素饱和度(DPS)为5.85%～22.00%.目前,支流库湾消落带土壤整体磷释放风险较低,170 m高程土壤需要重点关注.Fe-P、HCl-Po和...     

我国中西部生态脆弱带坡耕地水土流失及坡地梯化

中西部生态脆弱带是我国坡耕地集中分布地区 ,坡耕地水土流失是中西部生态脆弱带水土流失的主要类型 ,坡地梯化是防治坡耕地水土流失和实现坡耕地可持续利用的重要措施 ,国家应加大投资力度开展以坡地梯化为中心的坡耕地综合开发整治工作     

Ecological Mechanisms of the Formation of Biological Rhythms in Hibernators of the Family Sciuridae in Northeastern Siberia

A mechanism of the formation of biological rhythms in hibernators at cold temperatures is proposed. Certain ecophysiological characteristics have been studied in three hibernating species: the ground squirrels Citellus undulatus Pallas, 1778 and C. parryi Richardson, 1825 and the chipmunk Tamias sibiricus Laxmann, 1769. The changes in body temperature and the temperature of litter in wintering nests during hibernation seasons have been studied. The dependences of metabolic rate on ambient temperature and the size and species of animals have been studied.     

Modelling the migration of contaminants through variably saturated dual-porosity, dual-permeability chalk

In the Hesbaye region in Belgium, tracer tests performed in variably saturated fissured chalk rocks presented very contrasting results in terms of transit times, according to artificially controlled water recharge conditions prevailing during the experiments. Under intense recharge conditions, tracers migrated across the partially or fully saturated fissure network, at high velocity in accordance with the high hydraulic conductivity and low effective porosity (fracture porosity). At the same time, a portion of the tracer was temporarily retarded in the almost immobile water located in the matrix. Under natural infiltration conditions, the fissure network remained inactive. Tracers migrated downward through the matrix, at low velocity in relation with the low hydraulic conductivity and the large porosity of the matrix. Based on these observations, Brouyère et al. (2004a) [Brouyère, S., Dassargues, A., Hallet, V., 2004a. Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation, J. Contam. Hydrol., 72 (1-4), 135-164, doi: 10.1016/j.conhyd.2003.10.009] proposed a conceptual model in order to explain the migration of solutes in variably saturated, dual-porosity, dual-permeability chalk. Here, mathematical and numerical modelling of tracer and contaminant migration in variably saturated fissured chalk is presented, considering the aforementioned conceptual model. A new mathematical formulation is proposed to represent the unsaturated properties of the fissured chalk in a more dynamic and appropriate way. At the same time, the rock water content is partitioned between mobile and immobile water phases, as a function of the water saturation of the chalk rock. The groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the variably saturated chalk is solved using the control volume finite element method. Modelling the field tracer experiments performed in the variably saturated chalk shows the adequacy and usefulness of the new conceptual, mathematical and numerical model.     

超限结构无缝法施工在污水处理工程中的应用

介绍了一种在超限混凝土结构中取消伸缩缝或增大伸缩缝最大间距的新型施工方法——超限混凝土结构无缝法施工。论述无缝法施工的原理及膨胀加强带的设置,探讨UEA膨胀混凝土的配制,在实践的基础上总结了无缝法施工的方法、注意事项及优点。     

下沉式广场“准安全区”可行性研究

为研究位于某广场建筑商业综合体裙房中央的下沉式广场作为人员疏散的准安全区的可行性,运用烟气模拟软件FDS得到了可用安全疏散时间ASET,并通过疏散模拟软件Building-Exo-dus和水力模型计算方法得出了所需安全疏散时间RSET。研究表明,人员安全疏散条件ASET相似文献   

Shared governance arrangements and social connectivity: advancing large-scale coastal and marine conservation initiatives in the Dominican Republic

Increasingly, large-scale conservation initiatives (e.g. through protected area networks and transboundary connectivity initiatives) are growing in prevalence as their diverse sustainability benefits are further understood. Conventional, centralized approaches to conservation, often featuring unconnected discrete ‘patches’, are no longer sufficient for achieving effective, long-term protection. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how to achieve effective large-scale conservation initiatives by addressing the following objectives: (1) To assess the degree to which local actors are involved in coastal and marine conservation practices, with a focus on large-scale conservation initiatives (LCIs); and, (2) To identify barriers and opportunities for achieving effective large-scale conservation. This paper presents findings from research in the Dominican Republic where social-ecological components of coastal and marine systems are considered from multiple perspectives to advance management and increase effectiveness of LCIs. Data were acquired through semi-structured interviews with 35 coastal and marine actors (e.g. fishers, ministers, non-governmental organizations, practitioners, academics) working at local to international scales. Interview data were analysed through thematic coding using QSR-Nvivo 12 software. Respondents expressed that non-governmental actors (e.g. private organizations, coastal communities) should have an increased role in developing, implementing and managing coastal and marine LCIs. Additionally, respondents commented on strategies to enhance social connectivity (i.e. sharing experiences, programs and expertise) within coastal and marine practices to enhance effectiveness and facilitate learning. Findings contribute to the understanding of complex coastal and marine social-ecological systems of the Dominican Republic and provide further support for involving multiple actors in governance processes.