Evaluation of the ecological status with benthic indices in the coastal system： the case of Bohai Bay （China）

Based on biologic and environmental materials collected from coastal areas of Bohai Bay （China） in April, 2008, three biotic indices （AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI）, Shannon-Wiener Index and W-statistic） were applied together to evaluate the ecological status of the sampling area. The results showed a clear spatial gradient from a worse ecological status in the near-shore areas （especially around Haihe and Jiyun River Estuaries） to a better status in the offshore areas. While all the three indices could assist decision makers in visualizing spatial changes of organic pollutants in Bohai Bay, two indices, i. e., AMBI and Shannon-Wiener index, were effective in distinguishing sites from Haihe River Estuary, Jiyun River Estuary and other area. However, W-statistic can＇t tell the differences between estuaries and other area. It would be explained that organic pollutants and/or other environ- mental stresses in Bohai Bay were not strong enough to reduce the size ofmacrozoobenthos, which may cause both of the abundance and biomass curves crossed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that several benthic indices were used to assess the benthic ecological status in Bohai Bay, which gave the similar results. Furthermore, there is indication that the ecological status is related to excess input of wastewater along main rivers and outlets. In a word, AMBI, Shannon-Wiener Index and W-statistic could be able to assess the benthic ecological status of Bohai Bay under the organic pollutants pressure.     

山水风景地区控规指标体系构建及指标赋值方法的探析——以千岛湖为例

为解决现行的传统城市地区控制性详细规划（简称控规,后同）对山水风景地区控制不力的现象,以千岛湖地区为例,对山水风景地区控规进行了探讨,对控规指标体系的内容和赋值方法进行了有针对性的扩展和改进。借助GIS等技术手段,对地方性特色元素进行分析,并以此为基础,建立了以”分区控制和分类引导”为核心的控制指标体系。将单一地块进一步划分为亚区域进行分别控制,同时通过图示的方式对不同的建设类型进行引导。根据山水风景地区的建设特征,进一步引入、明确了地表改变率、建筑绝对高度、建筑投影面积等指标的赋值方法,增加了城市设计导引等内容,丰富、强化了山水风景地区控规的内容和可操作性。     

矿井围岩应力松弛区理论计算与试验研究

通过对掘进工作面前方煤体的受力特点进行分析,理论研究了掘进工作面应力分布特征,得出了掘进巷道前方卸压带宽度计算公式,分析了各因素对煤与瓦斯突出发生的影响,现场利用电磁辐射监测技术进行测试,与理论计算结果相吻合。结果表明,掘进工作面前方卸压带的宽度与巷道的高度、巷道煤岩与顶板的摩擦角等因素有重要关系,研究为掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出预测及防治具有重要的指导意义。     

高层综合楼排烟系统设计分析与计算校核

高层综合楼功能复杂,人员密集,火灾危险性大,而火灾中烟气的毒害和窒息作用是致人死亡的最主要原因。因此,对该类建筑进行必要的排烟设计,既可以保证人员疏散安全,也有利于进行消防扑救。以某高层综合楼的排烟设计为例,对其排烟系统设计进行分析,重点对其排烟风机的排烟量进行计算校核,并提出了在排烟系统设计时应注意的问题,为设计人员及消防设计审核人员提供参考。     

高抽巷层位对采空区自燃危险性影响的数值模拟分析

针对高抽巷抽采瓦斯可能诱发的采空区自燃问题,以大佛寺煤矿40108工作面构建采空区气体渗流模型,分析了不同垂距和平距下高抽巷抽采瓦斯时对采空区自燃危险性的影响。结果表明:高抽巷与煤层顶板的垂距越大,氧化升温带的宽度越大,采空区自燃危险性越高。高抽巷距回风巷平距为30m时,氧化升温带的宽度最小,采空区自燃危险性最低。依据研究结论,结合高抽巷抽采瓦斯时的层位要求,分析得出大佛寺煤矿40108工作面高抽巷最佳位置为距煤层顶板垂距30m,距回风巷平距30m处。     

黄土高原生态系统过渡带土地覆盖的时空变化分析

在全球气候变化及其生态环境效应研究中,生态系统过渡带作为气候变化和人类活动的敏感区域,其土地覆盖的时空变化分析逐渐成为土地利用科学研究的热点问题。基于GIS的时空分析方法,在对Holdridge生命地带模型的判别标准进行改进的基础上,构建了生态系统过渡带的时空分析模型。在建立土地覆盖正向和逆向转换规则的基础上,构建了土地覆盖正向和逆向转换指数模型。并以黄土高原为案例区,在定量识别生态系统过渡带类型及其空间格局的基础上,定量评价了各种生态系统过渡带类型土地覆盖的转换情况。模拟分析结果表明,黄土高原地区共有14种生态系统过渡带类型,其总面积占整个黄土高原的25.21%。在1985-2005年期间,黄土高原生态系统过渡带内的耕地面积平均每10 a减少0.93%,而湿地和水体、林地、草地的面积则平均每10 a分别增加3.47%、0.24%、0.06%。整个过渡带区域土地覆盖的转换率从28.53%降低到21.91%,且其正向转换和逆向转换面积总体上均呈减少的趋势。另外,黄土高原生态系统过渡带区域和非过渡带区域的土地覆盖转换率对比分析显示,过渡带区域土地覆盖的转换率高于非过渡带区域。     

土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应研究——以西辽河流域为例

北方农牧交错带作为我国传统农区与牧区的交汇和过渡地带,是我国东、中部地区的重要生态屏障地区。选取北方农牧交错带东缘的西辽河流域为案例区,运用遥感、地理信息系统等方法,构建水分亏缺模型,定量计算了西辽河流域不同土地利用情景下的水分亏缺态势,揭示了北方农牧交错带土地利用变化的水土资源平衡效应,研究表明:①1995-2005年,西辽河流域土地利用整体特征未发生重大改变,土地利用表现为耕地面积有所增加、草地面积相对减少的局面;②西辽河流域水土资源平衡总体呈现中度水分亏缺的特征,亏水量较大的区域相对集中在西辽河冲积平原中部地区;③1995-2005年10 a间的土地利用变化使得西辽河流域严重缺水地区面积增加1/4,水分亏缺态势进一步加剧。     

Comments on and implications of a steady-state in coastal marine ecosystems

Coastal ecosystems can be thought of as being established by a number of physico-geochemical drivers, e.g. geochemistry and bathymetry of the basins, climate, tidal and freshwater flows, natural and anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and toxins, all of which exert an influence on the resulting communities of organisms. Depending on the interactions among the major drivers, ecosystems may occur on both large and small scales and be basin-wide or within basins. For individual and separate ecosystems to exist with some permanence in time, e.g. reach a steady-state, they also have to be ‘defended’. Defences are mechanisms that counter changes to maintain the status quo. We argue, and present evidence to support the notion, that the defence mechanisms are inextricably tied to primary production and the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter and provide buffers that mitigate potentially adverse impacts by trace toxins. Colloid pumping, production of complexing ligands and sulfide formation are some of the mechanisms that control trace substances. Current methods for assessing ecosystems do not address the issue of steady-state, nor do they take account of defence activities, e.g. buffering. Therefore, they cannot assess the ‘robustness’ of ecosystems or their ability to resist change, for good or bad. Also, defence mechanisms may, for a time, mask future potentially serious impacts, suggesting that monitoring efforts with limited budgets should consider the measurement of the inputs into ecosystems as well as the immediate or short-term result of the inputs.     

天津近海富营养化及环境因子的时空变化特征

基于1995—2010年监测数据,通过Mann-Kendall趋势检验和Kriging空间插值等方法,对天津近岸海域氮磷营养盐、有机污染物和富营养状况的时空变化趋势及其成因进行了分析. 结果表明:在天津近岸海域的48个监测时段中,有81.3%的监测时段处于富营养状态,有39.6%的ρ(DIN)和16.7%的ρ(DIP)超过海洋水质四类标准,有89.6%的ρ(COD_Mn)符合海洋水质一类标准;氮和磷为主要污染物,污染物质量浓度和富营养状态的季节性差异显著. ρ(DIP)、ρ(COD_Mn)和营养状态指数的年际变化主要呈下降趋势,ρ(DIN)呈先下降后显著上升的趋势;ρ(DIN)、ρ(DIP)和ρ(COD_Mn)在空间分布上基本遵循近岸高、远岸低的规律,其中ρ(DIN)和ρ(DIP)均显著呈带状分布,并且基本为北高南低. 防治天津近岸海域水体富营养化的关键是削减丰水期和平水期入海径流的氮负荷以及北部海域入海径流的磷负荷.      

Sedimentary organic matter and bacterial community in microtidal mixed beaches of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean)

The quantity and quality of organic matter, and bacterial density and frequency of dividing cells were investigated in six microtidal mixed beaches of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) to evaluate their main trophodynamic features. Concentrations of biopolymeric carbon (average 88.5?±?89.0 µgC/g) and the protein:carbohydrate ratio (on average lower than 1) were very low and classified these beaches as highly oligotrophic. The study of biochemical composition highlighted the nature of organic matter as being mainly refractory; furthermore, the quantitative differences observed along the across-beach gradient together with the unchanged pattern in qualitative features suggest that the organic matter in Ligurian beaches is prevalently of marine origin. This implies a negligible contribution of allochtonous and anthropogenic terrestrial input or in situ autochthonous production. Bacterial density displayed values ranging from 0.1–9.0 cell?×?10⁸/g DW in the top 2?cm layer and showed a significant correlation with the quantity of organic matter. In addition, the frequency of dividing cells showed a positive correlation with the protein:carbohydrate ratio, suggesting that the biochemical composition of organic matter also has an influence on the active bacterial fraction. Because of the exposed nature, a strong coupling was found between the beach and the marine systems, and this seems to be of fundamental importance in terms of material and energy supply for the beach ecosystem. A shortage within this linkage was observed in summer owing to the strong environmental constrains leading to a sort of “beach desertification” and to a marked oligotrophy. Summer also has an effect of smoothing for spatial variability occurring within the biochemical and microbiological variables among the different beaches. The linkage observed between the sea and the land is the main factor controlling the origin and nature of sediment organic matter in these beaches also regulating bacterial abundances and the frequency of dividing cells.