三峡库区消落带甲基汞变化特征的模拟

为探寻三峡水库消落带在干湿交替条件下甲基汞的变化规律,以库区典型消落带土壤为研究对象,采用模拟试验,研究了干湿交替条件下消落带土壤和水体甲基汞含量和动态变化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明:淹水过程会促进土壤无机汞向有机汞转化,土壤甲基汞含量在淹水和落干过程均呈现先增加后减少的趋势;随着干湿交替周期的增加,土壤甲基汞含量增加,第二次淹水后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次淹水增加了22.13%,第二次落干后土壤甲基汞平均含量比第一次落干增加了58.17%.第二次淹水过程土壤甲基汞占总汞的比例明显高于第一次淹水,土壤中汞的甲基化主要与干湿交替循环有关.土壤淹水后会迅速向水体释放甲基汞,水体中甲基汞含量明显增加,两次淹水过程增幅分别为119.42%和334.72%,水体甲基汞和土壤甲基汞之间无显著相关.干湿交替环境土壤甲基汞含量主要受pH值、有机质含量、Eh和土壤含水量等因素的影响;水体中甲基汞含量的影响因素则主要有水体pH值、DO、DOM、水温等.     

三峡库区消落带草本植物碳氮磷释放及影响因素

以三峡库区消落带优势草本植物狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、牛鞭草(Hemarthriaaltissima)、稗草(Echinochloacrusgalli)、狗尾草(Setariaviridis)和马唐(Digitariasanguinalis)为试验植物,在室内进行了为期60 d的淹水模拟试验,并对消落带优势草本植物淹水后TOC、TN和TP的释放特征及影响因素进行了研究. 结果表明:5种优势草本植物淹水后均可导致水中pH降低,TOC、TN和TP的U_max(最大单位累积释放量)分别为21.03~43.65、0.50~3.23和0.54~2.69 mg/g,U_max出现在淹水第15~20天,并且TOC、TN和TP的R(释放速率)差异显著;水体中微生物、水体温度和上覆水中ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)对植物淹水后TOC、TN和TP的释放均有一定影响. 在对消落带植被调查研究的基础上,根据淹水试验植物的U_max,对蓄水后三峡库区消落带植被TOC、TN、TP的释放量进行了估算,在蓄水后20 d内,消落带植被可向水体释放大量的TOC、TN和TP,蓄水初期可能会引起库区局部水域水质恶化,影响水库的水环境安全.      

“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游多维生态位及竞合发展策略研究

构建湛江、茂名、阳江3市和谐的滨海旅游竞合关系是粤西滨海旅游协同一体化高质量发展的重要内涵与实现途径。基于2012—2017年“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游相关统计数据,构建了滨海旅游生态位测评指标体系,运用旅游生态位理论模型综合测评了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度、扩充度和重叠度,深入分析了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游产业综合竞争力、竞争态势与竞争程度。结果发现:①“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位宽度呈现“水平低、均衡化”的结构特征,3市滨海旅游产业综合竞争力与影响力弱,旅游综合竞争力从大到小的排序依次为湛江、茂名、阳江。②“湛茂阳”3市滨海旅游综合生态位扩充态势不明显,扩充度水平整体呈现均质化特征,局部存在一定程度的分异。③“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游生态位重叠度高,旅游竞争激烈,旅游协同合作发展水平与效应较低。最后,从区域滨海旅游生态位的协同、错位、扩充3个视角科学提出了“湛茂阳”区域滨海旅游竞合发展策略。     

Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats

Tidal flats are a globally distributed coastal ecosystem important for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local to continental-scale studies have documented rapid loss of tidal habitat driven by human impacts, but assessments of progress in their conservation are lacking. With an internally consistent estimate of distribution and change, based on Landsat satellite imagery, now available for the world's tidal flats, we examined tidal flat representation in protected areas (PAs) and human pressure on tidal flats. We determined tidal flat representation and its net change in PAs by spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas. Similarly, we overlaid the most recent distribution map of tidal flats (2014–2016) with the human modification map (HM_c) (range from 0, no human pressure, to 1, very high human pressure) to estimate the human pressure exerted on this ecosystem. Sixty-eight percent of the current extent of tidal flats is subject to moderate to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.1), but 31% of tidal flat extent occurred in PAs, far exceeding PA coverage of the marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) realms. Net change of tidal flat extent inside PAs was similar to tidal flat net change outside PAs from 1999 to 2016. Substantial shortfalls in protection of tidal flats occurred across Asia, where large intertidal extents coincided with high to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.4–1.0) and net tidal flat losses up to 86.4 km² (95% CI 83.9–89.0) occurred inside individual PAs in the study period. Taken together, our results show substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally, but that PA status alone does not prevent all habitat loss. Safeguarding the world's tidal flats will thus require deeper understanding of the factors that govern their dynamics and effective policy that promotes holistic coastal and catchment management strategies.     

生物质再燃脱除NO的特性

利用多功能脱硝实验台研究了花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆4种生物质的再燃脱除NO性能,以及工况参数对生物质再燃的影响.结果表明,相同工况下,花生壳再燃脱硝率最高、杨木次之、玉米秸秆最小,当再燃比(Rff)15%时,花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆的再燃脱硝效率分别为85.1%、80.3%、69.6%和67.2%.生物质粒径越小,再燃脱硝率越高.随着再燃温度的升高,生物质再燃脱硝效率先升高后缓慢降低,1073K的脱硝效率最高.生物质最佳再燃区过量空气系数(SR)为0.6,最佳Rff和再燃区停留时间分别为20%和0.81s. SR=20%的典型工况下,生物质再燃脱硝效率达到79%~89%.     

互花米草对苏北滨海湿地表土有机碳更新的影响

自互花米草引入苏北滨海湿地后,逐渐替代本土植物盐蒿并形成单一植被的互花米草湿地.选择苏北地区盐蒿湿地及不同生长年限的互花米草湿地,采集其表层土壤样品,分别测定全土和分离的土壤粒径组分中总有机碳及δ13C值,分析湿地土壤有机碳浓度及其同位素组成的变化.结果表明,互花米草引入盐蒿湿地后,表层土壤有机碳浓度显著增加(增量达70%),且随着互花米草生长时间延长而明显增加.与盐蒿湿地相比,互花米草湿地土壤中大团聚体(>250mm)和微团聚体组分(53~250mm)有机碳浓度均显著增加,而粉粒组分(2~53mm)则无明显变化.互花米草湿地土壤原状土及各粒径组分的δ13C值均明显高于盐蒿土壤,源于互花米草的新碳在各粒径组分中均有分布,但主要富集在大团聚体组分中,占该组分总碳的31%~43%,说明互花米草生长对土壤有机碳浓度增加主要反映在粗粒径组分中,而对粉、黏粒组分则影响较小.     

黄河口滨海湿地水质污染物现状研究

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)和11月(平水期)在黄河入海口滨海湿地典型水域选取14个调查站点采集水样,测定水体营养盐、重金属、石油类等22项污染指标,采用内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质污染现状进行研究和评价.结果表明,滨海湿地整体水质属于轻度富营养化水平,并呈现逐年加剧趋势.湿地湖泊、黄河故道、国家自然保护区、养殖池塘等静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟为代表的支流水体污染较重,明显超过黄河主干河道.调查发现滨海湿地水体主要污染物为TN、TP、石油烃、Hg、NH4+-N、UIA和Chl-a等.与历史数据对比,湿地水体氮磷污染明显加剧,石油烃和Hg污染未见显著增长,其他重金属含量均未超标,整体水质污染形势不容乐观.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characterization of soil dissolved organic matters in the fluctuating water-level zone of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the fluorescent properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Most of the soil DOM analyzed in this study was found to contain four fluorescence peaks. Peaks A and C represent humic-like fluorescence, whereas peaks B and D represent tryptophan-like fluorescence. Peaks E and F, which represent tyrosine-like fluorescence, only appeared in certain soils. Soil humus was the main source of DOM in soil, and higher concentration of soil DOM was found in the exposed soil than submerged soil. Compared to the peaks A and B, the fluorescence intensities of peaks C and D were strongly influenced by the fluctuating water level. Analysis of fluorescence intensities of different peaks in soil DOM showed that WLFZ soil was not contaminated significantly. Soil DOM contained at least two types of humic-like fluorescence groups and two types of protein-like fluorescence groups. The proportion of the content of peak A in soil organic matter was quite stable. The soil DOM in exposed soil had relatively high humification and aromaticity, and periodic submerging and exposure of soil had an impact on the humification of soil DOM.     

影响断层活化的破碎带特征参数敏感性分析

为研究破碎带对断层活化的影响,选取破碎带宽度、岩石内摩擦角、粘结系数及抗拉强度作为破碎带的特征参数,采用FLAC3D模拟工作面推进对断层的影响,借助正交表确定模拟方案,通过对正交试验结果进行方差分析,以此研究影响断层活化的破碎带特征参数敏感性。结果表明:破碎带特征参数对断层活化的敏感性主次顺序为破碎带宽度﹥岩石内摩擦角﹥岩石粘结系数﹥岩石抗拉强度,且断层破碎带宽度越大,岩石内摩擦角越小,断层活化可能性也就越高,而岩石粘结系数与抗拉强度对断层活化影响较小。     

破碎带宽度对断层活化及煤柱留设的影响研究

为研究不同宽度的断层破碎带对防水煤柱留设的影响,通过对断层活化进行力学分析,得出断层活化的必要条件是断层带内岩石的黏结系数小于等于临界值Cmax,且断层带所受法向应力与剪切应力是影响该临界值的主要因素。利用数值模拟软件,建立不同破碎带宽度的数值模型,对断层活化及煤柱留设进行模拟。结果表明:当工作面距断层60 m内时,由于黏结系数临界值Cmax的迅速减小,断层活化危险性显著提高,且断层破碎带宽度越大,断层越容易发生活化;通过分析采场塑性区分布图,得出煤柱临界尺寸随破碎带宽度的增加而呈线性增长的规律。研究结果对断层合理留设煤柱具有重要的参考价值。