Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats

Tidal flats are a globally distributed coastal ecosystem important for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Local to continental-scale studies have documented rapid loss of tidal habitat driven by human impacts, but assessments of progress in their conservation are lacking. With an internally consistent estimate of distribution and change, based on Landsat satellite imagery, now available for the world's tidal flats, we examined tidal flat representation in protected areas (PAs) and human pressure on tidal flats. We determined tidal flat representation and its net change in PAs by spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas. Similarly, we overlaid the most recent distribution map of tidal flats (2014–2016) with the human modification map (HM_c) (range from 0, no human pressure, to 1, very high human pressure) to estimate the human pressure exerted on this ecosystem. Sixty-eight percent of the current extent of tidal flats is subject to moderate to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.1), but 31% of tidal flat extent occurred in PAs, far exceeding PA coverage of the marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) realms. Net change of tidal flat extent inside PAs was similar to tidal flat net change outside PAs from 1999 to 2016. Substantial shortfalls in protection of tidal flats occurred across Asia, where large intertidal extents coincided with high to very high human pressure (HM_c > 0.4–1.0) and net tidal flat losses up to 86.4 km² (95% CI 83.9–89.0) occurred inside individual PAs in the study period. Taken together, our results show substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally, but that PA status alone does not prevent all habitat loss. Safeguarding the world's tidal flats will thus require deeper understanding of the factors that govern their dynamics and effective policy that promotes holistic coastal and catchment management strategies.     

生物质再燃脱除NO的特性

利用多功能脱硝实验台研究了花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆4种生物质的再燃脱除NO性能,以及工况参数对生物质再燃的影响.结果表明,相同工况下,花生壳再燃脱硝率最高、杨木次之、玉米秸秆最小,当再燃比(Rff)15%时,花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆的再燃脱硝效率分别为85.1%、80.3%、69.6%和67.2%.生物质粒径越小,再燃脱硝率越高.随着再燃温度的升高,生物质再燃脱硝效率先升高后缓慢降低,1073K的脱硝效率最高.生物质最佳再燃区过量空气系数(SR)为0.6,最佳Rff和再燃区停留时间分别为20%和0.81s. SR=20%的典型工况下,生物质再燃脱硝效率达到79%~89%.     

互花米草对苏北滨海湿地表土有机碳更新的影响

自互花米草引入苏北滨海湿地后,逐渐替代本土植物盐蒿并形成单一植被的互花米草湿地.选择苏北地区盐蒿湿地及不同生长年限的互花米草湿地,采集其表层土壤样品,分别测定全土和分离的土壤粒径组分中总有机碳及δ13C值,分析湿地土壤有机碳浓度及其同位素组成的变化.结果表明,互花米草引入盐蒿湿地后,表层土壤有机碳浓度显著增加(增量达70%),且随着互花米草生长时间延长而明显增加.与盐蒿湿地相比,互花米草湿地土壤中大团聚体(>250mm)和微团聚体组分(53~250mm)有机碳浓度均显著增加,而粉粒组分(2~53mm)则无明显变化.互花米草湿地土壤原状土及各粒径组分的δ13C值均明显高于盐蒿土壤,源于互花米草的新碳在各粒径组分中均有分布,但主要富集在大团聚体组分中,占该组分总碳的31%~43%,说明互花米草生长对土壤有机碳浓度增加主要反映在粗粒径组分中,而对粉、黏粒组分则影响较小.     

黄河口滨海湿地水质污染物现状研究

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)和11月(平水期)在黄河入海口滨海湿地典型水域选取14个调查站点采集水样,测定水体营养盐、重金属、石油类等22项污染指标,采用内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质污染现状进行研究和评价.结果表明,滨海湿地整体水质属于轻度富营养化水平,并呈现逐年加剧趋势.湿地湖泊、黄河故道、国家自然保护区、养殖池塘等静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟为代表的支流水体污染较重,明显超过黄河主干河道.调查发现滨海湿地水体主要污染物为TN、TP、石油烃、Hg、NH4+-N、UIA和Chl-a等.与历史数据对比,湿地水体氮磷污染明显加剧,石油烃和Hg污染未见显著增长,其他重金属含量均未超标,整体水质污染形势不容乐观.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characterization of soil dissolved organic matters in the fluctuating water-level zone of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the fluorescent properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Most of the soil DOM analyzed in this study was found to contain four fluorescence peaks. Peaks A and C represent humic-like fluorescence, whereas peaks B and D represent tryptophan-like fluorescence. Peaks E and F, which represent tyrosine-like fluorescence, only appeared in certain soils. Soil humus was the main source of DOM in soil, and higher concentration of soil DOM was found in the exposed soil than submerged soil. Compared to the peaks A and B, the fluorescence intensities of peaks C and D were strongly influenced by the fluctuating water level. Analysis of fluorescence intensities of different peaks in soil DOM showed that WLFZ soil was not contaminated significantly. Soil DOM contained at least two types of humic-like fluorescence groups and two types of protein-like fluorescence groups. The proportion of the content of peak A in soil organic matter was quite stable. The soil DOM in exposed soil had relatively high humification and aromaticity, and periodic submerging and exposure of soil had an impact on the humification of soil DOM.     

影响断层活化的破碎带特征参数敏感性分析

为研究破碎带对断层活化的影响,选取破碎带宽度、岩石内摩擦角、粘结系数及抗拉强度作为破碎带的特征参数,采用FLAC3D模拟工作面推进对断层的影响,借助正交表确定模拟方案,通过对正交试验结果进行方差分析,以此研究影响断层活化的破碎带特征参数敏感性。结果表明:破碎带特征参数对断层活化的敏感性主次顺序为破碎带宽度﹥岩石内摩擦角﹥岩石粘结系数﹥岩石抗拉强度,且断层破碎带宽度越大,岩石内摩擦角越小,断层活化可能性也就越高,而岩石粘结系数与抗拉强度对断层活化影响较小。     

破碎带宽度对断层活化及煤柱留设的影响研究

为研究不同宽度的断层破碎带对防水煤柱留设的影响,通过对断层活化进行力学分析,得出断层活化的必要条件是断层带内岩石的黏结系数小于等于临界值Cmax,且断层带所受法向应力与剪切应力是影响该临界值的主要因素。利用数值模拟软件,建立不同破碎带宽度的数值模型,对断层活化及煤柱留设进行模拟。结果表明:当工作面距断层60 m内时,由于黏结系数临界值Cmax的迅速减小,断层活化危险性显著提高,且断层破碎带宽度越大,断层越容易发生活化;通过分析采场塑性区分布图,得出煤柱临界尺寸随破碎带宽度的增加而呈线性增长的规律。研究结果对断层合理留设煤柱具有重要的参考价值。     

“一带一路”所经陆路地域巨震链特征研究

针对“一带一路”的陆路部分（即古丝绸之路）所经区域的自然灾害及灾害链的问题进行了研究讨论,尤其是针对大地震及相应的灾害链。穿越陆上丝绸之路的40度纬线地带是一个主要的地震活动带。沿着它易呈现震中定向迁移和在不长的时间内大地震发生的遥相关。陆上丝绸之路的灾害链主要是旱－震链,高山峰指标与大震发生的位置有较高的相关性。这些问题的研究对丝绸之路所经地带的安全都是有意义,也对丝绸之路上国家的安全合作有学术指向的意义。     

黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与硝化作用

采用PVC顶盖埋管原位培育法研究了黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与净硝化作用的动态变化特征、影响因素及净氮矿化/硝化量.结果表明,高潮滩湿地(LW)、中潮滩湿地(JP1)和低潮滩湿地(JP2)0~15cm土壤无机氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征,NH4+-N含量表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,NO3--N含量则表现为JP1＞LW＞JP2.3种湿地土壤净氮矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化.生长季的净氮矿化量分别为27.81、11.90和0.33kg/hm2,净硝化量分别为12.09、15.99和1.19kg/hm2,净硝化量占净氮矿化量的百分比分别为43.47%、100.00%和100.00%.相关分析表明,湿地土壤净氮矿化量与土壤水分含量呈显著负相关,而土壤净氮硝化量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.3种潮滩湿地土壤在维持无机氮方面的能力整体表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,说明从氮循环角度高潮滩湿地系统最为稳定,而低潮滩湿地系统的稳定性最差.     

湖滨带生态退化及其与人类活动的相互作用

湖滨带属于水陆生态交错带,是湖泊水生态系统与陆地生态系统间非常重要的过渡带. 根据湖滨带生态退化的表现形式,可以将湖滨带生态退化过程归纳为渐变退化、间断不连续退化、跃变退化、突变退化及复合退化5种类型. 系统自然退化是一个漫长渐变的过程,而人为干扰往往带有冲击负荷与胁迫压力.人类对湖滨带生态退化的影响与人类文明的发展历程密切相关,随着人类开发自然、利用自然能力的加强,对湖滨带生态退化的影响深度、范围也明显增强. 在文明初始阶段,人类对湖滨带处于被动适应及竞争利用的状态;文明成长阶段,人类开始对湖滨带进行主动开发及可控利用;在文明成熟阶段,从对湖滨带单纯开发利用拓展为发挥综合生态服务功能. 另一方面,湖滨带生态退化对人类产生的影响主要体现在生物资源萎缩、洪水灾害损失增加、可利用淡水资源减少、对人体健康造成威胁、美学价值丧失、影响水文化的历史传承等. 研究湖滨带的退化过程及其与人类活动之间的相互作用、相互影响关系,认清湖滨带自身的发展规律,识别湖滨带退化的驱动因子,有助于我们进一步保护湖滨带、修复退化的湖滨带或提出减缓湖滨带退化过程的有利措施.