生物法/人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其生态毒性削减研究

采用2种生物法/人工湿地工艺(水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺和水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺)处理胜利油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用发光细菌技术研究采油废水在处理过程中的生态毒性削减规律.研究结果表明,在水解酸化段水力停留时间(HRT)为20 h,好氧段HRT为10 h,人工湿地HRT为2 d的工况下,水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺与水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺的出水水质均能满足COD≤80 mg/L、NH_4~+-N≤15 mg/L的处理要求.发光细菌法试验结果表明,经隔油、混凝处理后的采油废水属高毒性废水,再经水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺处理后生态毒性大幅削减,出水生态毒性降至低毒.     

Survey on environmental monitoring requirements of European ports

A group of 26 European ports was interviewed to understand their requirements for environmental information and to establish how widespread the use of Earth Observation (EO) data was amongst them. Aspects covered by the research included port profile characterisation, environmental management activities, environmental needs and current monitoring practices. The study reflected the diversity amongst European ports and their environmental performances. Most of the ports were publicly owned and located in estuaries and rivers. General cargo was the most popular commodity handled. Practically all the ports had an environmental policy in place and half of them had been accredited by an external body. The main environmental parameters that ports required to be monitored were marine related issues (currents, waves and tide), water quality, meteorological parameters, turbidity and sediment processes. The principal driver for monitoring was maintaining key port operations, followed by legislation, and local responsibilities. Ports in general collected their own data in situ and only one-third had used remotely sensed data (data from Earth Observation satellites or from airplane mounted sensors) for environmental purposes. Half of them used computer modelling. This study was conducted within the framework of the European funded port environmental information collector project (PEARL).     

Assessing human-induced pressures on coastal areas with publicly available data

The assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal area is essential to target management plans effectively, and moreover is required by the EU Water Framework Directive. A simple and cost-effective assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal zone is applied using two methodologies: a qualitative visual assessment which uses satellite images; and a quantitative assessment based on governmental census data. These methods are applied to defined areas (23 areas) of four Italian regions: Liguria, Tuscany, Latium and Sardinia. The results show a high agreement (83%) between these two methods, in which only four of the 23 areas are classified differently. These differences may mainly be ascribed to the qualitative or quantitative properties of the methods, and to the different geographical units adopted. These characteristics however provide complementary information, which suggests that the application of both proposed methods confirms reliability and allows fine-tuning of the assessment. The pressure assessment proposed is simple, time and cost-effective, and repeatable over time and space. It therefore can be applied in different contexts to respond to legislative requirements or to target management plans and remedial actions effectively.     

生态脆弱区旅游开发与环境建设协调发展问题研究——以石羊河流域为例

在生态脆弱区发展旅游,如果规划得当、管理科学,应该是一条可行的生态改良和发展经济的道路。石羊河流域是甘肃省河西内陆河流域中生态环境最脆弱的地区,分析了石羊河流域生态环境的脆弱性及旅游开发的可行性,并从规划、建设、管理等层面提出旅游开发与环境建设协调发展的解决对策。     

渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性、景观破碎度和景观分离度作为评价指标,分析渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠8个景观要素。分析表明,景观多样性主要受耕地和荒地的影响和支配;耕地和荒地的破碎度大,分离度小;盐田和河流沟渠的破碎度最小;村镇和滩涂的分布状况导致其分离度大。     

浙北及邻近地区应力场数值模拟与地震危险区预测

根据构造地质学、地震地质学的考察和观测结果 ,结合构造单元、地震活动分区和研究区位置确定计算模型的范围 ,选定一个构造骨架 ,确定计算模型的边界形状和几何参数。然后参考地震震源机制解结果和新构造运动特征 ,选定模型边界条件 ;参考岩石力学实验结果 ,确定模型的物理参数。最后利用线弹性二维有限元程序计算了各节点位移、各单元应力应变及应变能增量。通过分析应力应变场和应变能增量划分出 2个地震危险区。     

淮河流域及洪泽湖水质的演变趋势分析

利用洪泽湖及其淮河入湖河段的水质监测数据，分析了近30年来洪泽湖水质的变化趋势，重点研究了“八五”、“九五”期间洪泽湖水质的季节与年际变化规律；通过对淮河干流、省界河流代表站及全流域国家基本站水质监测数据的综合分析，论述了淮河流域水质变化的总体趋势；研究表明，全流域水质恶化的趋势已经基本得到遏止，水质有所改善，但波动性大，部分河段特别是省界河流污染仍然较严重，集中排污所引起的污染事故仍时有发生。近几年“达标排放”等污染治理工作取得了显著的成就，但“淮河、洪泽湖水变清”，依然“任重道远”；淮河流域位于温度变化的南北过渡带，当属于我国最大的Ecotone(生态交错带）类型之一，建议基于其Ecotone的生态实质，进行流域污染的治理和生态的重建工作。     

三峡库区香溪河流域河岸带种子植物区系研究

根据详细的植物群落调查资料,对三峡库区香溪河流域河岸带种子植物区系进行了研究。结果表明：河岸带维管束种类在科级水平上占神农架的65.8％,在属级水平上占47.3％,在种级水平上占26.7％。河岸带植物区系的性质为温带特性,与神农架地区种子植物属的性质相一致。河岸带这一独特自然景观的植物区系在整个区域自然景观中具有相当的代表性。在香溪河流域河岸带中,维管束植物种类较丰富,分布着大量的珍稀濒危植物种类,表明河岸带在生物多样性保护中具有重要的作用。     

开发区土地利用的可持续性评价及实践研究—以芜湖经济技术开发区为例

目前国内土地资源可持续利用的研究主要集中在城市和县域尺度,关于开发区这一特殊经济区域的相关研究还较少。开发区是我国当前经济的重要增长点,所具有的良好示范和带动作用可促进其腹地甚至其他地区的可持续发展,因此评价和监测开发区土地可持续发展的状态和程度具有重要意义。以芜湖经济技术开发区为例,从土地开发利用状况、社会影响和环境质量三方面构建了开发区土地可持续利用的综合评价指标体系,运用模糊数学的方法对芜湖经济技术开发区土地利用的可持续性进行了综合评价,评价结果为该区土地利用的可持续性对中度可持续的隶属度0.539最大,根据最大隶属度原则,该区土地利用的可持续性为中度可持续。     

中国东南沿海地区耕地资源保护与可持续利用

我国东南沿海地区具有优越的地理区位和气候条件,加上地区开发历史悠久,已成为中国经济最发达的地区之一。然而,近十多年来,由于经济以超常规速度发展,第二,三产业的发展速度,第二,三产业的发展速度大幅度加快,人多地少的矛盾日益突出,导致耕地面积不断萎缩,耕地质量不断下降。利用率和产出率显著滑坡,滥占耕地,占而不用及闲置浪费的现象相当普遍。以浙江省乐清市为例,近年来耕地以平均每年１．２％的速率在减少,目前