量化计算在爆炸危险区域划分中的应用

爆炸危险区域附加2区的划分是国标强制性要求,介绍了泄漏计算的模型和关键参数的选取,利用泄漏扩散计算模型对爆炸危险区域附加2区的划分作出判断,通过计算示例解释模型的应用。     

从河道自净角度谈影响河道水质净化的因素

摘要：在城市河道污染日趋严重的今天,利用河道水体自净过程的机理来解决河道水质污染问题正成为改善河道水质的一种趋势。通过对河道自净过程的分析,总结出溶解氧、水力条件、温度、微生物、河岸带在河水自净中起到了决定性的作用,并分别从上述五个方面来阐述它们在自净过程中发挥的重要性。这给改善河道水质提供了不少途径,目前许多的河道整治手段都是由此受到了启发。因此明确了在未来河流污染治理的道路上,从河道自净化规律出发去看待和治理河道水污染问题是非常必要的。     

盐城滨海湿地春季温室气体通量及影响因素

通过在盐城滨海湿地进行植被调查、气体以及表层沉积物样品的采集与分析,探讨温室气体通量与植被状况、表层沉积物理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:不同植被覆盖下的滨海湿地,温室气体通量表现各异,其中CO2在滨海湿地5月份表现为碳源,且有植被覆盖的互花米草滩和芦苇滩的CO2排放通量明显大于无植被覆盖的光滩,盐蒿滩植被的盖度和密度较低,故排放也较低,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿滩以及芦苇滩CO2通量分别为26.99、865.2、100.87和1 942.03 mg(/m2.h);CH4在光滩,互花米草滩,盐蒿滩上则为弱汇,在芦苇滩为弱源,通量值分别为-0.13、-0.14、-0.02和0.55 mg(/m2.h);光滩和芦苇滩是N2O吸收汇,为-12.29,-56.83μg(/m2.h),互花米草滩和盐蒿滩为源,为18.56,25.64μg(/m2.h)。表层沉积物理化性质存在显著的空间差异:其中粒径与容重均是光滩最大,互花米草滩最小,盐蒿滩、芦苇滩居中;TN、TOC、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N均是光滩最小,互花米草滩最大,盐蒿和芦苇居中;C/N为互花米草滩和芦苇滩较大,而光滩和盐蒿滩则较小。全盐分布表现为互花米草滩>盐蒿滩>光滩>芦苇滩。pH表现为:芦苇>光滩>盐蒿滩>互花米草滩。通过相关分析,回归分析以及主成分分析,得出CO2和CH4通量与箱温、10²0 cm沉积物温度以及pH呈显著相关,而N2O则主要与pH、全盐、容重、微生物生物量N的相关性较大。     

三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复土壤放线菌多样性特征

为研究人工植被恢复后消落带土壤放线菌群落多样性特征,以三峡库区典型城市消落带重庆江北嘴大剧院消落带和乡村消落带忠县汝溪河流域消落带为研究区域,于2015年6月原位采集0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土壤,利用限制性末端长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对消落带人工恢复植被土壤不同土层的放线菌群落多样性进行研究.结果发现:(1)三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复后的土壤放线菌多样性有差异,表现为城市消落带土壤放线菌多样性高于乡村消落带土壤(P0.05),特别是在表层土壤.(2)在城乡消落带中,林地土壤放线菌多样性高于草地,且在土层之间放线菌多样性无显著性差异.(3)三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复后的土壤放线菌优势种有差异.(4)冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)和蒙特卡罗置换检验(Monte-Carlo permutation test)表明,城市消落带中含水量、速效氮含量显著影响放线菌群落多样性;乡村消落带中土壤含水量、有机质、速效氮和速效钾含量显著影响放线菌群落多样性.结论表明在消落带人工植被修复后,城市消落带土壤放线菌多样性均高于乡村消落带,这有可能是人为干扰和土壤养分增加所致.     

水环境条件对三峡库区消落带狗牙根氮磷养分淹水浸泡释放的影响

三峡库区消落带会经历周期性的淹水-出露循环过程,消落带在出露期大量植物生长,淹水期植物体淹没腐解并释放氮磷养分,可能加剧三峡水库水环境压力.狗牙根[Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.]是三峡库区分布最广泛的优势植物之一.针对三峡水库水环境条件(温度、p H和光照)变化对狗牙根淹水条件下矿化分解及养分释放过程的影响进行了研究.结果表明,狗牙根淹水后,植物残体矿化分解,干重下降,全氮和全磷含量减少.狗牙根浸泡200 d后,25℃和15℃时总氮(TN)释放量分别为(2.66±0.29)g·kg~(-1)和(3.76±0.04)g·kg~(-1),总磷(TP)释放量分别为(0.79±0.03)g·kg~(-1)和(1.40±0.02)g·kg~(-1);上覆水p H为5.0、7.0、9.0时,TN释放量分别为(3.76±0.08)、(2.66±0.29)、(2.55±0.12)g·kg~(-1),TP的释放量分别为(1.53±0.04)、(0.79±0.03)、(1.70±0.07)g·kg~(-1);避光时上覆水TN和TP的释放量为(3.87±0.14)g·kg~(-1)和(1.78±0.08)g·kg~(-1).氮的释放以颗粒态氮(PN)为主,占80%以上,而颗粒态磷(PP)占比在50%左右.随三峡水环境条件变化,如温度降低,狗牙根的氮磷浸泡释放量增大;而酸、碱性水体较中性条件有利于氮磷释放;避光时狗牙根的氮磷释放得到促进.研究结果表明三峡水库冬季蓄水或污水排放导致的水环境变化将进一步促进消落带植物淹水分解及养分释放,从而可能加剧三峡库区水体富营养化.     

Seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Kaohsiung coast

Thirty-three air samples were collected by high-volume samplers from May 2007 to June 2008 in the coastal area of southwest Taiwan and analyzed for total suspended particulates (TSP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of TSP and total PAHs ranged from 40.4 to 251 μg m(-3) and 1.86-56.4 ng m(-3), respectively. Except for joss paper burning during the religious celebration of Ghost Month, which resulted in the highest concentration of PAHs in the summer of 2007, a seasonal variation in total PAH concentration was observed over this study period, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Because of the geographical and climatic characteristics of the sampling site, monsoon activities modulate the seasonal variations of PAHs. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs in the atmosphere of the Kaohsiung coastal area arose predominantly from vehicle emissions (mainly from diesel exhaust), joss paper burning, and coal/wood combustion. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the sampling days could be divided into three groups and that the major source identification of PAHs was the same as the identification by diagnostic ratios. In addition, the results of HCA and PCA suggest that the samples collected with a prevailing northerly or northeasterly wind direction contain both local emissions and those from neighboring sources. On the other hand, the cases related to westerly or northwesterly winds indicated that local emission was the major source for the sampling site.     

基于资源环境承载力的渤海滨海城市产业结构综合评价

以经济效益、资源产出力、资源环境承载力相协调为目标,在多层次评价指标体系下,引入产业结构综合评价坐标系统(CECS,comprehensive evaluating coordinate system),对基于资源环境承载力的产业结构进行定性和定量相结合的描述分析,在分析产业结构构成时综合运用统计学方法和威孚-托马斯逼...     

Assessment of a model of pollution disaster in near-shore coastal waters based on catastrophe theory

In this study, a model for assessing of environmental disasters in near-shore areas was developed using a multi-criteria evaluation method of catastrophe theory. The assessment model involved scenarios of eutrophication, pollution with heavy metals and organic compounds. An evaluation system of the model was composed of seven mesosphere indicators and twenty underlying indicators including water chemistry, water physics, water biology, heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and surface sediments. The model was applied to possibility assessment of environmental disasters in different functional regions of the Dalian Bay in 2001 and 2006. Results showed that the environmental disaster indicators in 2001 were equivalent to the Level 4 standard values of marine functional areas, but the eutrophication disaster indicators were lower than the Level 4 standard values. It is consistent with the occurrence of a large-scale red tide in Dalian Bay in 2001. In 2006, eutrophication remained the dominant problem of the region but organic pollutants, such as oil, were reduced remarkably. This coincided with ongoing local environmental-friendly practices for industries.     

不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态

对福建东山赤山林场不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝中的钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)元素含量及其再吸收率动态进行了研究.结果表明,海岸梯度对短枝木麻黄小枝中各元素含量及其再吸收率均具有显著影响.在各海岸梯度上,K再吸收率为正值,且基干林带的再吸收率显著低于其它样地,Fe和Zn为负值,Ca、Mg和Na再吸收率在防护林带前沿为负值,而在后沿林为正值,Mn则相反.这表明,基干林带严重的环境胁迫显著降低了短枝木麻黄小枝的养分再吸收率.短枝木麻黄成熟小枝中的K、Mg含量与其再吸收率存在显著正相关,而Na和Fe与其再吸收率存在显著负相关,其它元素与其再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.除K外,各元素在衰老小枝中的含量与相应元素再吸收率之间均存在显著负相关,表明元素再吸收程度越高,其再吸收率就越高.Ca、Mg、Na和Fe再吸收率之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),Zn除与Mn再吸收率呈显著正相关外,与其它元素均表现为负相关,Mn则与其它元素再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.因而短枝木麻黄小枝中不同类型的养分状况对其再吸收率具有不同的影响.表5参42     

矿山废水中重金属离子在包气带中的吸附特征

受矿山废水排放的影响,金昌市地下水的污染物以重金属离子为主.同时金昌地区有着巨厚的包气带,其物质组成由砂砾石、亚粉土、亚粘土为主.本文在对污染组分进行取样分析的基础上,对包气带的吸附能力进行研究,结论认为其对重金属离子有着较强的吸附能力,可以有效降低地下水的污染水平.