基于主体功能区划和机会成本的生态补偿标准分析

要保证全国及各省、市、县主体功能区规划的顺利实施,首先要确保被"限制"或"禁止"发展(主要针对工业)的特定区域得到最基本的经济补偿——其标准足以弥补因限制或放弃发展机会而付出的机会成本。为此论文基于各地经济社会发展的实际情况,从工业基础薄弱和相对雄厚这两种情况出发,通过建立生态补偿与机会成本的计量模型,并以广东佛冈为样本进行实证分析,得到了工业发展减速后理应得到的生态补偿水平。研究表明:全国主体功能区规划实施的成败取决于生态补偿能否顺利实施,而生态补偿实施的关键又在于其补偿标准的合理量化。     

Combining heat-transfer and energy budget models to predict thermal stress in Mediterranean intertidal mussels

Recent studies have emphasised that organisms can experience physiological stress well within their geographic range limits. Developing methods for mechanistically predicting the presence, absence and physiological performance of organisms is therefore important because of the ongoing effects of climate change. In this study, we merged a biophysical–ecological (BE) model that estimates the aquatic (high tide) and aerial (low tide) body temperatures of Mytilus galloprovincialis with a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model to predict growth, reproduction and mortality of this Mediterranean mussel in both intertidal and subtidal environments. Using weather and chlorophyll-a data from three Mediterranean sites along the Italian coasts, we show that predictions of sublethal and lethal (acute) stress can potentially explain the observed distribution (both presence and absence) of mussels in the intertidal and subtidal zones, and the maximum size of animals in the subtidal zones. Importantly, our results suggest that different mechanisms limit the intertidal distribution of mussels, and that these mechanisms do not follow a simple latitudinal gradient. At the northernmost site (Palermo), M. galloprovincialis appears to be excluded from the intertidal zone due to persistent exposure to lethal aerial temperatures, whereas at the southernmost sites (Porto Empedocle and Lampedusa) sublethal stress is the most important driver of mussel intertidal distribution. Our predictions provide a set of hypotheses for future work on the role of climate change in limiting intertidal distribution of mussels in the Mediterranean.     

Organic matter composition in sediments of the Oman Margin

The quantity and biochemical composition of organic matter (OM) in the sediments underlying and below oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea were studied to provide information on the diagenetic processes of organic carbon under different environmental conditions. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were significantly higher in sediments within rather than below OMZ, while those of total carbohydrates (TCHO) were slightly lower in the latter, suggesting the presence of a larger supply of labile compounds into the sea bottom at the shallower site (i.e. within OMZ). Hydrolysable amino acid and carbohydrate contribution to TOC were even lower (about 10% in surficial sediments) than the values obtained from the abyssal oligotrophic North Pacific, suggesting that OM food availability in the Oman Margin sediments within OMZ was lower than that observed at abyssal depths. The presence of the highest THAA and TCHO concentrations in the top 40?mm of the sediment core at both sites reflected the presence of bioturbation processes. In contrast with the general view of the deep sea as a stable and constant system, below OMZ in the Arabian Sea sediments, some differences were observed in the two investigated cores indicating the presence of a certain spatial variability in OM content and diagenesis.     

Biosorption of Cu (II) ions by indigenous copper-resistant bacteria isolated from polluted coastal environment

The concentrations of copper in water and sediment samples of Cuddalore coastal area, Tamil Nadu, India were examined. The isolation, characterization, screening, and metal sorption capabilities of copper-resistant bacteria (CURB) also were investigated. Biosorption capabilities and growth time varied among the resistant isolates. All isolates reduced more than 80% of copper from copper-treated broth. However, Bacillus cereus CURB-4 strain absorbed more copper ions (99.9%) than other resistant isolates. Changes in structural group position and synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of CURB-4 strain under copper stress and controlled conditions also were examined. Under copper stress condition, CURB-4 produced more EPS (71 ± 0.6%) compared to control conditions (66 ± 0.4%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the changes in functional group position of EPS were observed in stressed condition. Overall, synthesis of EPS in bacteria is a protective barrier against environmental stress.     

How near is near? The distance perceptions of residents of a nuclear emergency planning zone

This paper reports the results of a study conducted within the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Nine Mile Point (NMP) nuclear complex located in Oswego County, New York. An EPZ is the area in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant for which detailed plans are implemented for the management of emergencies and for the communication of the risks of nuclear energy production. EPZs are subdivided into emergency response planning areas (ERPAs) according to distance from the plant. This study aimed at discovering how residents of the NMP EPZ perceived distance to the nuclear plant. Distance was conceptualized in five different and complementary ways: estimated straight line distance, estimated driving distance, actual straight distance, actual driving distance and perceived distance. The results indicate that people living at a very short distance from the nuclear plant perceive and estimate distance differently than people living farther away. These results have policy implications and suggest alternative and potentially more efficient ways to redesign ERPAs. Fundamental geographic variables and concepts such as distance, location, proximity and their associated human perceptions are important human dimensions of risk analysis. These results should be of interest to nuclear emergency planners and are probably applicable to many other hazard planning activities.     

太湖草型区与藻型区沉积物中聚磷菌富集试验研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR)小型反应装置,以葡萄糖和丙酸为碳源,在厌氧/好氧条件下,对太湖草型区和藻型区的沉积物进行聚磷菌富集培养。探讨了太湖草型区和藻型区沉积物中聚磷菌的存在性和差异性。试验结果表明,通过实验室模拟条件培养,发现太湖沉积物存在聚磷细菌。两种碳源培养的草型区沉积物厌氧释磷量高于藻型区。以葡萄糖为碳源培养的草型区和藻型区沉积物厌氧释磷现象微弱,好氧磷的超量吸收现象比活性污泥弱,对PO34--P的平均去除率分别为34.95%、38.17%。而在以丙酸为碳源的系统中,有着明显的厌氧释磷和好氧摄磷现象,对PO34--P的平均去除率分别为41.27%、51.35%。     

车路协同下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法

为降低两难区对信号控制交叉口交通安全的影响,针对车路协同环境下交通信息获取方式及交叉口区域车辆运行特点,提出信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法。在分析各种两难区问题改善措施的适用性基础上,确定车路协同环境下信号控制交叉口两难区问题改善方法的工作流程,综合运用车速引导、动态绿灯时间延长和黄灯时间调整等3种措施降低车辆进入两难区的概率,并提出主要参数计算方法。运用Vissim软件进行仿真试验,结果表明,笔者建立的两难区问题改善方法能使车辆闯红灯次数平均降低78.1%,且改善效果在低峰流量时优于高峰流量时。     

基于试验与数值模拟的采空区氧化带漏风量的反演计算

以六家矿WⅡN16-7综放工作面为试验地点,研究采空区氧化带漏风情况。根据采空区自燃"三带"划分标准和防火注氮技术原理,通过现场实测、数值模拟、实验室试验确定注氮防火基本参数。首先,利用热重试验方法确定采空区惰化防火指标。根据惰化防火指标,通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法分别确定采空区在注氮和不注氮情况下自燃"三带"分布。然后,根据自燃"三带"分布范围,构建氧含量分布数学模型,计算出采空区氧化带混合气体中氧含量的平均值。最后,基于以上参数,通过反演计算得到采空区氧化带漏风量。计算结果表明,采空区氧化带内漏风量为15.12 m3/min,约占总供风量的2.1%。     

基于PSR模型的江苏海岸带生态系统健康时空变化研究

以江苏省海岸带为例,基于PSR模型构建江苏省海岸带生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用熵权法和层次分析法结合确定指标权重,依据构建的评价模型对近19年间的生态系统健康状况进行评价与分析.结果表明:研究区各县市生态系统健康综合指数在3~6之间,处于一般等级的区域占总面积的54%~66%,处于较差等级的区域占34%~45%,空间分布上表现为研究区中部生态系统健康状况较好,而南北两侧相对较差;研究区生态系统一直处于一般健康水平,但从健康指数构成来看,研究区压力、状态、响应因子值在研究期间都有不同程度的下降,生态健康指数在2002年以后略表现出下降趋势,应引起足够的重视.     

北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究

利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明：主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×10¹⁸J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m²,最大为西城区82.30W/m²,大兴区仅为2.61W/m²;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m²,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m²以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m²为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09：00、18：00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.