应用陆地卫星TM图象编制闽北土壤图(1:10万)的方法研究

以TM原图象合成的标准假彩色和似自然色图象作目视解译为主,根据土壤及其相关地物的野外光谱测定数据,分析其影象色调特征;用TM 7个波段原始黑白图象作对比解译,以预测不同地物的彩色合或效果并选择最佳合成方案;用TM6热红外图象作假彩色等密度分割处理,以提取随海而异的地面温度场和土壤类型垂直分带信息;用TM比值图象及其假彩色合成处理,以逐步增强并提取土壤信息;最后参照同比例尺地质图和地形图等相关资料,完成土壤图的编制。     

水资源安全的度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战

水资源承载力是对水资源安全的一个基本度量,研究水资源承载力对于认识和建设水资源安全保障体系具有重要意义。基于水资源承载力的定义和水资源承载力系统关系,论文给出了水资源承载力的度量与计算方法,包括可利用水资源量、水资源需求量的计算,流域水资源承载力平衡指数、水资源承载力分量的测度等。西北干旱区是我国水资源极为短缺的地区,因此,论文就西北干旱区水资源承载力综合研究的一些关键问题,如变化环境下的流域水循环模拟研究、生态需水研究等进行了重点讨论,并认为水资源承载力的进一步研究应加强水文基础与水资源、社会经济学科的综合研究,促进RS、GIS等信息技术和现有模型方法的结合,并重视区域差异研究。     

旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工安全的评价及改进

针对旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工过程中存在诸多安全隐患的问题,首先,结合此类项目遗留工业垃圾冗杂、施工场地狭窄、部分构件拆换、大型机械使用受限的施工特点从4MTE角度构建施工安全评价指标体系。然后,在考虑指标赋权的主客观综合性与评价工作的未确知性后,建立了基于结构熵权法与未确知测度理论的旧工业建筑再生利用项目施工安全评价模型,并通过工程实例验证该模型,得出的评价结果与实际情况相符。最后,结合未确知测度单因素指标测度函数的特点,提出了施工安全管理改进策略的制定方法。     

基于未确知测度理论的巷道稳定性评价

评价指标的不确定性是影响巷道稳定性评价的关键。为提高巷道稳定性评价的针对性,建立科学合理的评价模型,从地质条件和工程实际出发,运用未确知测度理论,选取影响巷道稳定性的岩体结构、顶板岩性、岩层倾角、开采深度、施工质量、断面形状、断面面积、支护效果、顶板控制方法、顶板位移量、巷道使用时间等11项因素。根据实测数据建立各影响因素的未确知测度函数,构建矿山巷道的稳定性等级评价和排序模型。采用定性、定量方法分析巷道稳定性评价中的不确定性影响因素,利用熵计算各影响因素的指标权重。依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定,得出巷道稳定性评价结果,并进行稳定程度排序。将该方法应用于某矿8条回采巷道的稳定性评价中。岩层倾角、开采深度、顶板位移量等3个评价指标权重比值差异较大,属于敏感性评价指标。较巷道R_(03)而言,巷道R_(08)的岩层倾角和开采深度2个评价指标的敏感性尤为明显,比值分别达77.43%、-46.72%。置信度取值的增加对评价结果没有显著影响,评价结果的可靠度较高。研究表明,将未确知测度理论应用于巷道稳定性评价是可行的。     

某型飞机起落架舱上蒙皮振动测量与分析

目的研究起落架舱上蒙皮裂纹原因。方法通过建立起落架舱有限元模型,进行固有频率特性计算,同时空测故障区域蒙皮的振动加速度以及动应力,对起落架舱蒙皮的振动情况进行分析。结果起落架舱三角区故障区域振动量级大于非故障区域,起落架舱三角区振动功率谱密度最大值的频率区间在200~500 Hz的中频频段,起落架舱三角区结构振动的幅值与飞机的法向过载Ny密切相关,静载大概是动载的100倍。结论飞机机动过载产生的静载远大于振动产生的动载,起落架舱三角区故障区域以静载为主,是造成裂纹的主要原因。     

上海霾与非霾期间大气颗粒物光学特性垂直分布特征和质量浓度对比研究

采用美国国家航空航天局的云-气溶胶激光雷达红外开拓者卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达数据产品,包括消光系数、光学厚度、总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,结合地面监测的颗粒物质量浓度,分析上海大气相对湿度小于80%霾发生期间气溶胶光学属性的垂直分布特征和颗粒物质量浓度变化,并与非霾期间进行比较.结果表明:霾期间532 nm和1064 nm消光系数在垂直高度上(海拔:0~10 km)均大于非霾期间,且大多数霾期间颗粒物在整层大气的光学厚度大于非霾期间.在近地面,霾期间大气颗粒物散射能力大于非霾期间.各垂直高度层,霾与非霾期间小粒径和规则气溶胶占主导地位.霾期间近地面大粒径颗粒物在霾期间所占比例大于非霾期间;2.0~4.0 km高度层,霾和非霾期间细颗粒所占比例接近;4.0~10.0 km高度层,霾期间细颗粒气溶胶所占比例大于非霾期间.PM1、PM2.5和PM10质量浓度在霾期间均大于非霾期间,且霾期间细颗粒物所占比例明显增加.颗粒物质量浓度和比值PM1/PM2.5和PM2.5/PM10分别随霾污染程度的加重而升高.冬季颗粒物质量浓度最高,主要来自细颗粒物的贡献;而春季PM10质量浓度高于其它季节.     

Six Common Mistakes in Conservation Priority Setting

A vast number of prioritization schemes have been developed to help conservation navigate tough decisions about the allocation of finite resources. However, the application of quantitative approaches to setting priorities in conservation frequently includes mistakes that can undermine their authors’ intention to be more rigorous and scientific in the way priorities are established and resources allocated. Drawing on well‐established principles of decision science, we highlight 6 mistakes commonly associated with setting priorities for conservation: not acknowledging conservation plans are prioritizations; trying to solve an ill‐defined problem; not prioritizing actions; arbitrariness; hidden value judgments; and not acknowledging risk of failure. We explain these mistakes and offer a path to help conservation planners avoid making the same mistakes in future prioritizations. Seis Errores Comunes en la Definición de Prioridades de Conservación     

Temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud

Knowledge of the mechanism of combustion zone propagation during dust explosion is of great importance to prevent damage caused by accidental dust explosions. In this study, the temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud is measured experimentally by a thermocouple to elucidate the propagation mechanism. The measured temperature starts to increase slowly at a position about 5 mm ahead of the leading edge of the combustion zone, increases quickly at a position about 3 mm ahead of the leading edge, reaches a maximum value near the end of the combustion zone, and then decreases. As the iron particle concentration increases, the maximum temperature increases at lower concentration, takes a maximum value, and then decreases at higher concentration. The relation between the propagation velocity of the combustion zone and the maximum temperature is also examined. It is found that the propagation velocity has a linear relationship with the maximum temperature. This result suggests that the conductive heat transfer is dominant in the propagation process of the combustion zone through an iron particle cloud.     

Environmental externalities and efficiency measurement

Production of desirable outputs often produces by-products that have harmful effects on the environment. This paper investigates technologies where the biggest good output producer is not the greatest polluter, i.e. technologies located on the downward-sloping segment of the frontier depicted in Färe et al. (1989). Directional distance functions and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are used to define an algorithm that allows them to be identified empirically. Furthermore, we show that in such situations producers can contribute social goods, i.e. reducing polluting wastes, without limiting their capacity to maximise production of marketable output. Finally, we illustrate our methodology with an empirical application to a sample of Spanish ceramic tile producers.     

大气环境质量模糊积分评价新方法

本文提出了应用模糊积分进行大气环境质量综合评价的具体方法和步骤,并用这一方法进行大气环境质量评价,取得了令人满意的结果。该方法的优点是简便实用,评价结果可靠。