On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),gasoline,and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned,due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics.However,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.     

某退役辐照装置储源井钢件表面沾污测量

利用物理测量及擦拭法对某退役辐照装置储源井钢件进行表面沾污测量及结果验证,结果表明,本次测量中两种方法测量结果基本一致。物理法受测量物体自身结构及尺寸的影响导致测量结果存在误差,擦拭法要保证较高的去除因子。擦拭法可对物理法测量结果进行验证。     

延迟焦化焦粉夹带的原因及应对措施

详述了焦炭塔发生焦粉夹带的危害、原因及预防措施,描述了分馏系统焦粉的处理措施。     

探讨总氰化物测定的影响因素及其控制方法——以2011年上半年实样考核为例

针对在测定2011年上半年实样考核样品——总氰化物（已知样、未知样）过程中,标准曲线出现不显色的情况,通过反复实验,查找显色失败的影响因素,探讨保证监测分析结果考核合格的最佳方法。     

On-board measurement of particle numbers and their size distribution from a light-duty diesel vehicle: Influences of VSP and altitude

In this study, the particle size-resolved distribution from a China-3 certificated light-duty diesel vehicle was measured by using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). In order to examine the influences of vehicle specific power (VSP) and high-altitude operation, measurements were conducted at 8 constant speeds, which ranged from 10 to 80 km/hr at 10 km/hr intervals, and two different high altitudes, namely 2200 and 3200 m. The results demonstrated that the numbers of particles in all size ranges decreased significantly as VSP increased when the test vehicle was running at lower speeds (< 20 km/hr), while at a moderate speed (between 30 and 60 km/hr), the particle number was statistically insensitive to increase VSP. Under high-speed cruising conditions, the numbers of ultrafine particles and PM_2.5 were insensitive to changes in VSP, but the numbers of nanoparticles and PM₁₀ surged considerably. An increase in the operational altitude of the test vehicle resulted in increased particle number emissions at low and high driving speeds; however, particle numbers obtained at moderate speeds decreased as altitude rose. When the test vehicle was running at moderate speeds, particle numbers measured at the two altitudes were very close, except for comparatively higher number concentrations of nanoparticles measured at 2200 m.     

基于毫米波的海上目标RCS测量标定分析

目的提高靶场毫米波海上目标RCS测量标定精度。方法针对海上目标的外场雷达目标特性(Radar Cross Section,RCS)测量系统动态标定问题,在给出了无源相对标校法的基础上,对毫米波RCS测量系统标定过程中云雾杂波、大气衰减、海面及地面杂波的影响进行详细分析。结果结合靶场外场实际测量,提出了衰减修正、合理选择标校气象条件等相应减小标定误差的措施。结论基于毫米波海上目标RCS测量标定的分析及其措施可极大地减小毫米波外场海面测量标校中气象环境、海面或地面杂波等对系统标定的影响,提高系统标定精度。     

基于长基线测量的水下电场特性分析研究

目的研究海洋环境电场的空间分布。方法借助长基线测量系统提供的一定空间增益,提高测量信号的强度,从而测量低频电场不同测量体在24 h内的幅度变化,以及0.1,0.2,0.5,1,10 Hz等5个不同典型频点的概率密度分布。结果水下电场的空间分布会由于电极间距的不同导致幅度有所差异,但整体的变化趋势基本一致。0.1,0.2,0.5,1 Hz频点随着频率的增加,幅度对整体的贡献越来越小,而10 Hz频点的幅度变化无明显规律。在24 h的连续观测中,DC-1 Hz极低频电场的幅度分布并不满足正态分布,而是随着时间变化具有一定的规律性。结论得到了不同频点的海洋水下环境电场的空间分布特性。     

环境视觉下复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术研究

在环境视觉下,传统的复杂建筑物测量方法,由于建筑物的占地面积大,并且带有一定的复杂因素,无法进行准确尺度的测量,提出一种在环境视觉下的复杂建筑GPS测量控制技术.通过分析环境与建筑间关系后,以此为基础们进行GPS测量控制分析.使用GPS技术能够从空中的角度进行作业测量,避免了地面测量过程中数据累加的过程,极大的提高了测量的准确率,GPS自带的激光影像技术已经能够进行虚拟演化,保证测量过程中的精准度,GPS测绘过程中能够调动多个卫星进行多视角的测量,保证了测量的精度.为了验证设计的复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术的有效性,设计了模拟仿真实验,利用实验过程产生的数据,有效的证明了设计的复杂建筑中的GPS测量控制技术的有效性.     

Characteristics of major secondary ions in typical polluted atmospheric aerosols during autumn in central Taiwan

In autumn of 2008, the chemical characteristics of major secondary ionic aerosols at a suburban site in central Taiwan were measured during an annually occurring season of high pollution. The semicontinuous measurement system measured major soluble inorganic species, including NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), and SO(4)(2-), in PM(10) with a 15 min resolution time. The atmospheric conditions, except for the influences of typhoons, were dominated by the local sea-land breeze with clear diurnal variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. To evaluate secondary aerosol formation at different ozone levels, daily ozone maximum concentration (O(3,daily max)) was used as an index of photochemical activity for dividing between the heavily polluted period (O(3,daily max) ≧80 ppb) and the lightly polluted period (O(3,daily max)<80 ppb). The concentrations of PM(10), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+) and total major ions during the heavily polluted period were 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7 and 2.3 times the concentrations during the lightly polluted period, respectively. Results showed that the daily maximum concentrations of PM(10) occurred around midnight and the daily maximum ozone concentration occurred during daytime. The average concentration of SO(2) was higher during daytime, which could be explained by the transportation of coastal industry emissions to the sampling site. In contrast, the high concentration of NO(2) at night was due to the land breeze flow that transport inland urban air masses toward this site. The simulations of breeze circulations and transitions were reflected in transports and distributions of these pollutants. During heavily polluted periods, NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) showed a clear diurnal variations with lower concentrations after midday, possibly due to the thermal volatilization of NH(4)NO(3) during daytime and transport of inland urban plume at night. The diurnal variation of PM(10) showed the similar pattern to that of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) aerosols. This indicated that the formatted secondary aerosols in the inland urban area could be transported to the coastal area by the weak land breeze and deteriorated the air quality in the coastal area at night.     

隧道下穿桥梁的桥墩稳定性未确知测度评价研究

为指导隧道安全施工,保证路桥的安全运营,对桥梁桥墩稳定性进行评价,运用未确知理论,建立未确知测度评价模型。结合葵坝隧道下穿盐坝高速路桥的工程实际,选取影响桥墩稳定性的10个指标构造评价指标体系,依据每个桥墩的指标分级标准构建单指标未确知测度函数,确定每个对象的单指标测度矩阵;用熵权法计算各对象指标的权重,进而得到了对象的多指标综合测度向量;并依据置信度识别准则得出12个桥墩的隶属等级和稳定性排序。结果表明:12个桥墩中,除有1个桥墩处于不稳定等级外,其余都处于稳定等级。