双介质矿岩轴向加载损伤破坏试验分析研究

为研究夹石对矿体力学变形特性的影响,选用全精炼的工业石蜡作为夹石模拟材料,并与水泥和矿粉进行配比制样。通过表壁裂纹扩展、微观成像、表壁应变值变化、整体加载压缩变形、磁感应强度变化、红外温度测量共同表征夹石试样在加载过程中的力学变形特征,厘清夹石矿岩的破坏特点。同时提出了一种数值模拟夹石的方法,进行不同夹石含量矿岩的安全系数、最大主应力及不同监测点处应变值的变化监测。试验结果表明:存在夹石的试样在加载过程中表壁出现较多裂纹条数,且以短裂纹为主,分布区域较广;表壁纵向应变变化较平稳,而横向应变存在阶梯型变化;红外温度测量并无恒定的变化幅度,存在升降的起伏变化;磁感应强度值变化存在上升下降型、下降平稳型、下降上升型的变化特点。数值模拟结果表明:夹石的存在弱化了矿岩的整体强度,这与相似模拟结果具有一致性。同时不同的夹石强度对矿岩的整体稳定性影响不一样。当试样的整体稳定性与夹石的物理性质有关,夹石强度是矿石强度50%左右时,彼此接触严丝合缝,夹石存在及含量的多少产生的影响不大;如果夹石强度只是矿石强度的2%时,相应的测点起伏变化较大;如果试样完整性不好,存在较多微观空区,空区附近的相应测点的应变值变化起伏较大。     

Sustainability measurement of product-service systems: Brazilian case studies about electric car-sharing

Modifying the traditional production system and the culture of consumption is necessary to achieve a sustainable society. The product-service system (PSS) business model allows companies to progressively add services to physical products, thus promoting more pro-sustainable business outcomes. The purpose of this work is to verify how a PSS model can contribute to sustainability by analyzing two electric car-sharing projects using a set of five factors. As a methodological strategy, a Systematic Literature Review and a case study of the two projects (VAMO and EMOTIVE) were performed. Findings show benefits generated by both projects as to environmental aspects, mainly related to gases emission. It was also possible to observe social benefits due to income development and environmental awareness. This paper thus contributes to the discussion of the potential of the PSS models and how they can leverage business models toward a more sustainable society. Although the results are applicable only in this case, this article can motivate new projects and contribute to enriching the debate about sustainable solutions, as the literature in this field still provides few case studies showing these types of applications.     

基于高分影像的城市水体遥感综合分级方法

城市水体是城市生态系统中的重要组成部分,为此,针对城市水体提出了一种基于国产高分影像的水环境遥感综合评价方法.在2017~2019年间的南京、无锡、常州和扬州市等城市多次水体采样工作的基础上,分析了城市水体光谱特征与水质参数的相应关系.基于国际标准的色度转换模型和FUI（forel-ule index）水色指数,构建了基于高分二号（GF-2）影像的适用于城市水体的U-FUI（urban forel-ule index）水色指数,实现了城市水体的遥感分级,独立的验证数据表明分级模型的识别正确率可达72%.结果表明,根据U-FUI水色指数可以将城市水体有效地分为U-FUI Ⅰ~U-FUI Ⅵ共6级水体,依次分别代表水色呈蓝色、浅绿色、深绿色、黄色、黄棕色以及灰黑色的水体.其中,U-FUI的Ⅰ级水体水质较好而在城市水体中少有分布,U-FUI的Ⅱ和Ⅲ级水体具有较高的叶绿素a浓度,U-FUI的Ⅳ和Ⅴ级水体的总悬浮物浓度和无机悬浮物浓度相对较高,U-FUI的Ⅵ级水体水质较差且水质参数与各级水体均有较大差异.同时,将该方法成功地应用于2018年4月9日南京市GF-2影像,结果显示南京市水体以U-FUI Ⅱ~U-FUI Ⅳ级水体为主,U-FUI的Ⅰ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级水体在城市中的分布相对较少,空间分布特征与同期原位采样结果一致.     

基于光纤光栅的斜拉索振动参数监测实验研究

斜拉索是斜拉桥的主要受力构件 ,对其动力特性进行监测具有重要意义。斜拉索工作条件恶劣 ,现有的测试方法难以实现长期在线监测 ,实现斜拉索的振动在线测量 ,传感器是问题的关键。光纤光栅传感器具有极其优良的稳定性 ,已被证实适用于长期监测 ,在结构监测领域具有非常广泛的应用前景。笔者提出了一种基于光纤光栅传感器的斜拉索动力特性在线监测方法 ,建立了用光纤布拉格光栅作传感器监测斜拉索振动的测量模型 ,为验证该模型建立了模拟试验装置 ,在实验室进行了模拟实验研究 ,并将光纤光栅和传统的电阻应变片两种测量方法进行了实验对比。与传统测试手段相比 ,该方法结构简单 ,成本低 ,并能实现斜拉索动力特性的长期在线监测。     

土地可持续利用的动态度量

完善土地持续利用的定量评价指标体系和评价方法乃是今后土地持续利用的重要课题,度量土地利用的可持续性应该遵循动态延续、面向区域、显示过程和突出目标的原则,据此建立一个动态地度量土地利用可持续性的指标体系,包括生产性、结构性、效率性、公平性、稳定性、协调性、恢复性和可控性8个准则层,每一个准则层选择一个综合指标.     

高含氯水样高锰酸盐指数测定新方法

在高锰酸盐指数的测定中,干扰最为严重且难以消除的是氯离子(Cl-)的影响。高浓度氯离子的干扰会导致测定结果偏差大,无法界定高锰酸盐指数是否达标。对高含氯水样高锰酸盐指数测定新方法(改进的高锰酸盐指数法)的实验研究结果表明,在采用标准高锰酸钾法对高含氯水样进行的高锰酸盐指数测定中,利用稀释方法,在碱性条件下用硫酸锰作催化剂,可以避免氯离子的干扰,提高了高锰酸钾对有机物的氧化率,能真实地反映水样中有机物的污染程度。     

Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation on Dust Surface and Its Dependence on Mineralogy: Balloon-Borne Observations from Balloon-Borne Measurements in The Surface Atmosphere of Beijing, China

This study focuses on providing a direct insight into the process by which sulfate is formed on mineral dust surface in the actual atmosphere. Six sets of aerosol measurements were conducted in the outskirts of Beijing, China, in 2002–2003 using a tethered balloon. The mineralogy of individual dust particles, as well as its influence on the S (sulfur) loadings was investigated by SEM-EDX analysis of the directly collected particles. The mixed layer in the urban atmosphere was found to be quite low (500–600m), often appearing as a particle dense stagnant layer above the surface. It is suggested that mineral dust is a common and important fraction of the coarse particles in Beijing (35–68%), and that it is relatively enriched with Calcite (>28%). An exceptional amount of S was detected in the mineral particles, which can be explained neither by their original composition, nor by coagulation processes between the submicron sulfates and the dust. Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂, and its subsequent oxidation on dust was suggested as the main pathway that has actually taken place in the ambient environment. The mineral class found with the largest number of particles containing S was Calcite, followed by Dolomite, Clay, Amphibole etc., Feldspar, and Quartz. Among them, Calcite and Dolomite showed distinctly higher efficiency in collecting sulfate than the other types. A positive correlation was found with the number of S containing particles and the relative humidity. Calcite in particular, since almost all of its particles was found to contain S above 60% r.h. On the other hand, the active uptake of SO₂ by the carbonates was not suggested in the free troposphere downwind, and all the mineral classes exhibited similar S content. Relative humidity in the free troposphere was suggested as the key factor controlling the SO₂ uptake among the mineral types. In terms of sulfate loadings, the relationship was not linear, but rather increased exponentially as a function of relative humidity. The humidity-dependent uptake capacity of mineral types altogether showed an intermediate value of 0.07 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 30% r.h. and 0.40 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 80%, which is fairly consistent with laboratory experiments.     

STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT USING SALT DILUTION IN TUNDRA STREAMS,NORTHWEST TERRITORIES,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: With the recent increased exploration and mining activity in the Northwest Territories, there has been growing interest in streamflows. However, streamflow monitoring in Canada's north is limited, especially in the central Northwest Territories where the exploration activity is concentrated. To complicate matters, the standard approach of measuring discharge with current meters or weirs is often inadequate or prohibitively expensive, as many streams in the region are shallow, braided and rocky. In response, alternative techniques such as salt dilution can be used. A salt tracer's competence in turbulent and rocky channels makes it ideal for discharge measurements in these situations. This paper summarizes the work performed by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and Canamera Geological Ltd. staff in determining the stream discharge of a lake outlet using a potassium chloride (KC1) tracer. A variety of streamflow measurement methods were performed and compared to determine the viability and rigor of the dilution method. Results suggest the dilution method compares favorably to other measurement techniques both in accuracy and operational ease.     

MEASURING INTANGIBLE BENEFITS -SOME NEEDED RESEARCH1

ABSTRACT. Society has long sought to maximize the welfare of its members by allocating its limited resources so as to provide maximum satisfaction. As long as all of the values that society gains or loses are measured in the market place in terms of price, the process of maximizing through economic models is relatively straightforward. In fact, however, the total value that society receives from the use of its resources is not completely measured through the private market transactions. There are some values created which are external to the market system. The resulting underinvestment in natural resources by the private sector necessitates the entry of the public sector. The presence of intangible benefits and intangible costs has long been recognized, but completely satisfactory methods for including these in the quantitative analysis of benefit-cost have not been developed. Some progress has been made in including recreational values in project analysis via the expenditures method, the Gross National Product method, consumer surplus method, cost method, market value method, and monopoly and discriminating monopoly methods, but little has been done in the area of aesthetic values. Techniques for including such values in project evaluation need to be further researched. Tradeoff models developed by market researchers, the advertising industry, social psychologists and sociologists may have some applicability. Methodology for including proposed multiple objective functions in project analysis is also a critical need.     

APPLICATION OF AN ACOUSTIC STREAMFLOW-MEASURING SYSTEM ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES,OREGON1

ABSTRACT. The need for accurate, independent records of flow on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon, has been met by the installation of an acoustic streamflow-measuring system. This device provides an index of the velocity of flow by measuring the difference in traveltimes of acoustic pulses transmitted through the water in each direction along a diagonal path across the river. The flow of water along the path increases the speed of one signal and retards the speed of the other. The difference in time of travel is related linearly to the water velocity along the path. Installation of the system, which is the first application of an acoustic flowmeter in a large natural channel, was completed in April 1969. It has been in continuous operation since that date. The velocity index and water-surface elevation are used as a two-variable index in the computation of flow. These variables, correlated against current-meter measurements made by use of specialized boat equipment, provide a reliable basis for computations of instantaneous and daily mean discharges.