The effects of color and light on indoor wayfinding and the evaluation of the perceived environment

This study was designed to explore the effects of color and light on indoor wayfinding and the subjective judgments of those perceiving the environment. Furthermore, how problems experienced in buildings with complex floor plans and successive spaces are addressed using variables such as color, brightness, and correlated color temperature through a desktop virtual reality environment. The experiment was conducted with the participation of 102 university students who experienced the indoor environments with various color and light variables, and evaluated these environments using concrete concepts like clear/blurry, attractive/unattractive, navigable/unnavigable and inviting/repellent. The scores for attractiveness and remembrance of warm colors were found to be higher than those for other colors, and the median scores for the positive perception of correlated color temperature were found to be higher than those concerning high and low level temperatures. However, it was confirmed that the use of warm and cool colors in indoor environments with low light levels were not taken into consideration by users of a space and were perceived negatively. Moreover, it was determined that compared to the males, females preferred high brightness levels.     

混合动力轿车城市典型道路排放特性

基于车载式排放测试系统(PEMS),对混合动力轿车进行典型城市道路行驶工况下的排放测试,对比分析实验车辆速度、加速度和比功率区间下的排放特性。混合动力轿车在车速低于50 km/h时,发动机处于关闭状态无排放,温度也下降,会降低NOx排放。主干道上NOx排放最少,快速路上NOx排放较高,高速公路上NOx排放最多。车速超过50km/h时发动机再起动,产生CO和HC排放峰值。主干道上CO和HC排放峰值最频繁,总平均排放因子最高;快速路上排放峰值稀少,总平均排放因子居中;高速公路上没有很大的排放峰值,总平均排放因子最低。     

A multi-residue method for the analysis of organophosphorus residues in cooked and polished rice using accelerated solvent extraction and dispersive-solid phase extraction (D-SPE) technique and uncertainty measurement

Quick, simple and efficient multi-residue analytical methods were developed and validated for the determination of organophosphorous insecticides from polished and cooked rice. Polished rice was extracted using a simple, automated technique namely accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) using dichloromethane as the extraction solvent. Cooked rice was extracted with acetone and cleaned up using dispersive-solid phase extraction (D-SPE) technique. The single step extraction method adopted for polished rice using accelerated solvent extractor provided satisfactory recovery for eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) which ranged from 85.5–116.7%; 90.0–110.3% and 93.5–118.8% at 1, 5 and 10 limit of quantification (LOQ) levels, respectively. The recovery of cooked rice was in the range of 74–124%; from 75–100% and from 73–87% for 1, 5 and 10 level of fortification, respectively. The total uncertainty was evaluated, taking four main independent sources viz., weighing, purity of the standard, GC calibration curve and repeatability under consideration. The expanded uncertainty was found to be in the range of 5–20%.     

双波长紫外吸收法有机废水COD测量技术与仪器设计

紫外吸收法直接测定有机废水COD是一种无需化学试剂、无样品前处理、无二次污染的绿色无损检测技术,但在实际应用中发现,有机废水中的悬浮物对测量结果产生较大影响.以实际废水水样为例,详细阐述了双波长紫外吸收法测量有机废水COD的操作方法及其消除悬浮物干扰的原理,并介绍了运用该技术设计开发的COD在线测量仪器.该仪器采用嵌入式计算机系统实时采集和处理数据,根据实际废水在双波长测量条件下的有效紫外吸光度快速推算出其COD值,具有快速、准确、无污染的特点.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

江苏省水资源短缺风险的相似云评价方法研究

为有效的监测和评估水资源短缺风险的程度,实现水资源可持续开采和利用,提出水资源短缺风险的相似云综合评价模型。针对水资源短缺风险的影响因素同时具有模糊和随机性问题,建立基于熵权和相似云方法的综合评估模型。借鉴现有理论的基础上,综合考虑风险率、脆弱性、可恢复性等5个评价指标,采用熵权法确定各个指标的权重,利用正态云模型定量描述单指标条件下待评价城市水资源的短缺风险等级。给出一种新的计算正态云模型相似度方法——基于组合模糊贴近度的正态云相似度度量方法,通过比较待评价城市与风险等级之间的熵权正态云相似度值的大小,构建基于熵权相似云的水资源短缺风险评价模型。江苏省三大流域的实例表明,该方法简单可行,结果相对客观合理,能够克服现有方法的一些缺点。     

随钻压力波在用于早期气侵检测时的扰动传播特性研究

为了研究随钻测量装置(Measurement While Drilling, MWD)压力波信号在用于早期气侵检测时的扰动传播特性,基于油气井多相流流动理论,建立随钻压力波在环空气液两相流中的扰动传播模型,对多参数影响下的压力波传播与衰减特性进行模拟,并对压力波检测技术的现场应用效果进行分析。结果表明:含气率、角频率、系统压力、虚拟质量力、拖曳力和壁面剪切力的变化都会对压力波在环空气液两相流中的传播与衰减特性造成不同程度的影响;相比于常规的全烃量检测技术,压力波检测技术可以更早地检测到气侵的发生,可进一步提高油气井建井的安全性。     

基于未确知测度理论的安全生产状况评价研究

为研究我国省市的安全生产级别,基于未确知测度理论,建立安全生产状况评价的等级模型。根据实际情况,选取5项评价指标,建立各评价指标的未确知测度函数。利用熵确定各项指标的权重,避免人为主观性对评价的影响,根据多指标综合测度评价向量和置信度识别准则进行评判。结合2009年9省市对应指标统计数据,采用未确知理论对安全生产状况进行评价,并结合实际进行分析。该理论为省、市安全生产提供了指导性的建议和依据。     

水中砷的原子荧光光谱测定结果的不确定度评定

目的 对原子荧光光谱法测定水中砷含量的不确定度来源及其对测量不确定度的影响进行分析。方法 利用相对标准不确定度进行测量不确定度的评定。过程采用直观的因果图,建立有效的数学模型,利用相对标准不确定度分量进行测量不确定度评定,并在砷含量为1．7μg/L的水样测定中,获得其相对标准不确定度为3．4％,有效自由度为25。结论 原子荧光光谱法对水中砷浓度测量不确定度影响因素中,工作曲线拟合产生的不确定度较大。     

三维激光扫描技术在堰塞湖地形快速测量中的应用

使用三维激光扫描仪整合雷达系统、GPS系统可使地形高程测量作业迅速而准确。本文旨在探讨三维激光扫描仪与GPS坐标转换的方法及地形测量作业流程。实践证明,三维激光扫描技术在"5.12"汶川大地震造成的安县肖家桥、罐滩堰塞湖测量中的应用是高效的,它具有测量速度快、精度高、人力使用少、适应复杂现场环境等优点,能为突发地质灾害抢险决策迅速地提供地形资料,具有较大的应用潜力。