Effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm determined using computational fluid dynamics

Storage tank separation distance, which considerably affects forestalling and mitigating accident consequences, is principally determined by thermal radiation modeling and meeting industry safety requirements. However, little is known about the influence of separation distance on gas dispersion or gas explosion, which are the most destructive types of accidents in industrial settings. This study evaluated the effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm. Experiments were conducted using Flame Acceleration Simulator, an advanced computational fluid dynamics software program. Codes governing the design of separation distances in China and the United States were compared. A series of geometrical models of storage tanks with various separation distances were established. Overall, increasing separation distance led to a substantial reduction in vapor cloud volume and size in most cases. Notably, a 1.0 storage diameter separation distance appeared to be optimal. In terms of vapor cloud explosion, a greater separation distance had a marked effect on mitigating overpressure in gas explosions. Therefore, separation distance merited consideration in the design of storage tanks to prevent gas dispersion and explosion.     

全面通风量在职业病危害评价中的应用研究

通风是有效控制尘毒危害的重要方法,全面通风是通风的一种类型,且有些作业场所必须采用全面通风防护设施,而全面通风量是全面通风的重要参数和评价指标。阐述了全面通风量的定义和适用范围,讨论了单一物质和多种物质并存时全面通风量的计算方法,并详细阐述了室内环境有害物质浓度限值Ys的确定方法,分析了基于通风换气次数全面通风量的计算方法,提出了在建设项目职业病危害预评价和控制效果评价中全面通风量评价指标的应用方法。     

回采工作面瓦斯爆炸风门冲击载荷研究

为研究瓦斯爆炸后瓦斯积聚体积对风门冲击载荷的影响,结合羊场湾矿井Ⅱ020612回采工作面风门实际情况,运用Flu-ent软件对上隅角瓦斯积聚体积为5,35,65,95,125,155,185 m3条件下的风门冲击载荷进行研究.结果表明:风门冲击载荷随时间变化出现2次峰值,第1次峰值为风门冲击载荷最大值;若风门间距离较近...     

Comparison of constant volume balloons, model trajectories and tracer transport during ETEX

In the field phases of the European Tracer EXperiment (ETEX), an inert tracer was released for 12 h into the atmosphere and samples taken at several locations downwind. During the same time, several Constant Volume Balloons (CVB) (10 and 6 for ETEX first and second release, respectively) were launched into different altitudes and followed as far as 21–188 km, to indicate the initial dispersion directions of the tracer puff. A model simulating the CVB behaviour in hydrostatic meso-scale model forecasts is applied to ETEX data to demonstrate its capability to predict the tracer puff mean axis over long distances (−2000 km). CVB model results are first compared to air parcels trajectories and 2D (i.e. isentropic, isobaric and isodensity) trajectories. Then they are compared to the measured CVB trajectories and finally to the tracer puff trajectories. As expected, the CVB model and isodensity model trajectories are found to be identical. The 16 CVBs calculated trajectories nearly overlap the real ones over 21–188 km with mean absolute horizontal transport deviations less than 20 km (average value of 8.2 km). The corresponding relative transport deviations are less than 45% with an average value of 20.6%. Better predictions are obtained for the ETEX second release. During the 60 h following ETEX’s first release start, the simulated CVBs are mainly found in the area of the maximum surface concentrations of the released tracer, up to 2000 km. Up to 36 h after ETEX second tracer release start, the simulated CVB trajectories predict well the mean axis of the tracer puff, but failed later.     

基于Matlab的短路熔痕凝固过程中熔体温度测算方法*

为解决无法对瞬时凝固的熔痕高温熔体进行测温,从而致使火灾物证鉴定界对短路熔痕组织形成规律无法达成共识的问题,使用高速摄像机采集熔痕形成时熔体的彩色影像,运用Matlab图像色温识别技术,对熔体凝固时的色彩变化进行识别与分析,从而建立测算短路熔痕凝固速率的方法。结果表明:该方法的平均标准差为9.63,标准不确定度为2.55 K,计算结果满足测试要求;在测算的10个熔痕中,灭弧瞬间熔体温度为1 734.03~2 759.15 K,初始冷却速率为-255.16~-86.61 K/ms,凝固时长为46.45~87.99 ms;灭弧时熔体温度与初始冷却速率呈近似正相关关系,与熔痕体积无关。通过此方法测算短路发生时高温熔体的温度变化,可为研究短路故障迸溅熔痕引燃、熔痕组织变化规律提供方法支持。     

绿色屋顶景天植物根系分布特征及其对饱和导水率的影响

为丰富我国绿色屋顶中景天属植物根系分布特征的研究及探讨根系特征参数与绿色屋顶基质层饱和导水率间的关系,选用景天属植物垂盆草、佛甲草种植于珍珠岩基质中,基质厚度为6、10、14 cm,结合武汉市降水特点对植物采用统一浇水制度进行培养,选取根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度来描述根系形态,并测定基质的饱和导水率;以无植物组为对照组,定量比较不同基质厚度下绿色屋顶景天属植物根系分布特征及其饱和导水率的变化差异。结果表明：1）景天属植物的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度受珍珠岩基质厚度影响显著。6 cm基质中植物的总根长密度最大,这与基质中直径为0.2~0.4 mm根的根长密度占比大有关;14 cm基质中植物的总根表面积密度、根体积密度最大,这与基质中直径为1~2 mm根的根表面积密度、根体积密度占比大有关。2）景天属植物根系对珍珠岩基质饱和导水率的改变显著。相比无植物组,景天属植物根系的加入使得珍珠岩基质的饱和导水率改变了−98.95%~−95.15%,有植物组的饱和导水率远低于无植物组;而有植物组间,珍珠岩基质的饱和导水率与景天属植物直径为0.2~0.4 mm根的根长密度（P=0.050,R²=0.786）、根表面积密度（P=0.047,R²=0.818）、根体积密度（P=0.044,R²=0.824）呈显著正相关。

     

煤层注热CO2驱替CH4特性实验研究*

为研究注CO2增产煤层气过程中注气温度对煤层渗透特性变化的影响,利用自主研发的CO2置换驱替CH4实验系统,在注气温度为40,50,60 ℃条件下进行CO2置换驱替CH4实验,定量分析置换驱替过程中出口气体流量、孔隙压力以及煤层渗透率等变化规律。研究结果表明:在实验测试的40~60 ℃范围内,提高CO2注入温度有助于产出更多的CH4及封存CO2,CO2注入温度越高,出口混合气体流量和CH4气体流量越大,呈现出先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,实验结束时置换体积比分别为2.704,2.741和2.595,注气温度为60 ℃时驱替效果较好,每产出单位体积的CH4注入的CO2量最少;煤层孔隙压力随注气时间呈现先逐渐上升后趋于平稳的变化趋势,逐渐趋近注气压力0.8 MPa;注CO2置换驱替CH4及提高CO2注入温度会降低煤层的渗透性,注气温度恒定时,渗透率随注气时间增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于平稳的变化规律,注气温度由40 ℃升至60 ℃时,渗透率从0.017 1×10-15 m2下降至0.009 8×10-15 m2,降低幅度为34.50%~42.69%。     

基于扩展分形特征的图像型火灾检测

针对火灾检测中存在的不稳定及误判率高的问题,提出一种基于扩展分形特征的图像型火灾检测算法。首先在图像的HSI颜色空间进行火焰疑似区域的分割,然后采用文中提出的扩展分形特征计算方法计算图像扩展分形特征,利用该特征对目标事物对比度和大小尺寸敏感的特性,对火焰区域进行再次分割,得到最后的火焰区域。实验结果表明,该算法运行效率较高、误报率较低,适用于多种场合的火灾检测。     

取样量与烘干时间对总悬浮物测定结果的影响

就取样量和烘干时间两个因素的变化对总悬浮物测定结果的影响程度进行了探讨。结果表明 ,取样量是造成悬浮物测定结果准确与否的主要因素 ,而不同的烘干时间对测定结果的精密度不会造成明显的影响。随着取样量的逐步减少 (从 2 0 0 0 ml减至 50 ml) ,平行样的相对偏差则从 2 7%上升到 4 5 5%。为了使相对偏差≤ 1 5% ,取水量必须满足其中的总不可滤残渣达到 6 2 mg以上。     

海洋水色遥感大气校正算法研究进展

本文针对Ⅱ类水体的光谱特性和海洋现象的特点,综述了Ⅰ类水体及近岸Ⅱ类水体的主要大气校正算法,并介绍了各种算法的适应范围和优缺点.通过对水色卫星传感器的技术发展现状的介绍,详细整理了目前主要卫星的大气校正算法,概述了Ⅱ类水体水色反演算法的研究现状和发展方向.并根据我国近海的水体特点提出了水色遥感研究需要解决的关键问题.