煤层注热CO2驱替CH4特性实验研究*

为研究注CO2增产煤层气过程中注气温度对煤层渗透特性变化的影响,利用自主研发的CO2置换驱替CH4实验系统,在注气温度为40,50,60 ℃条件下进行CO2置换驱替CH4实验,定量分析置换驱替过程中出口气体流量、孔隙压力以及煤层渗透率等变化规律。研究结果表明:在实验测试的40~60 ℃范围内,提高CO2注入温度有助于产出更多的CH4及封存CO2,CO2注入温度越高,出口混合气体流量和CH4气体流量越大,呈现出先升高后降低并趋于稳定的变化趋势,实验结束时置换体积比分别为2.704,2.741和2.595,注气温度为60 ℃时驱替效果较好,每产出单位体积的CH4注入的CO2量最少;煤层孔隙压力随注气时间呈现先逐渐上升后趋于平稳的变化趋势,逐渐趋近注气压力0.8 MPa;注CO2置换驱替CH4及提高CO2注入温度会降低煤层的渗透性,注气温度恒定时,渗透率随注气时间增加呈现先逐渐降低后趋于平稳的变化规律,注气温度由40 ℃升至60 ℃时,渗透率从0.017 1×10-15 m2下降至0.009 8×10-15 m2,降低幅度为34.50%~42.69%。     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

催化动力学光度法测定工业废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）

采用β-环糊精作为H₂O₂氧化茜素红褪色反应的增敏剂,建立了催化动力学光度法测定工业废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的新方法。该方法最佳反应条件为：反应体系总体积25 mL,0.1 mol/L的H₂SO₄溶液加入量2.0 mL,1.0×10^-3 mol/L茜素红溶液加入量1.5 mL,30%的H₂O₂溶液加入量4.0 mL,100 g/L的β-环糊精溶液加入量3.0 mL。在最大吸收波长554 nm处测定反应前后溶液的吸光度,Cr（Ⅵ）的质量浓度与吸光度差值（ΔA）在4.0×10^-4~5.4×10^-2 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,线性回归方程为：ΔA=18.52ρ+ 0.018,相关系数为0.996 6,检出限为3.5×10^-4 mg/L,加标回收率为99.46%~101.3%,6次测定的相对标准偏差小于等于2.4%。该法的测定结果与GB/T 7467-1987中的二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法相近。     

雨水调蓄池与苏州河市政泵站排江污染削减分析

雨天苏州河延岸市政泵站的排江污染是造成苏州河水质不稳定的原因之一,在兼顾防汛与截污的基础上,对延岸大泵站建设雨水调蓄池是削减苏州河排江污染负荷的重要工程,通过对成都路调蓄池试运行研究,估算每年可削减成都路泵站排江量50%以上,削减CODcr 11.53吨、SS 4.76吨。     

海洋水色遥感大气校正算法研究进展

本文针对Ⅱ类水体的光谱特性和海洋现象的特点,综述了Ⅰ类水体及近岸Ⅱ类水体的主要大气校正算法,并介绍了各种算法的适应范围和优缺点.通过对水色卫星传感器的技术发展现状的介绍,详细整理了目前主要卫星的大气校正算法,概述了Ⅱ类水体水色反演算法的研究现状和发展方向.并根据我国近海的水体特点提出了水色遥感研究需要解决的关键问题.     

Levels of Lead in Urban Soils from Selected Cities in a Central Region of the Philippines (7 pp)

Background Aims, and Scope. Lead (Pb) is a naturally occurring element that poses environmental hazards when present at elevated concentration. It is being released into the environment because of industrial uses and from the combustion of fossil fuels. Hence, Pb is ubiquitous throughout global ecosystems. The existence of potentially harmful concentrations of Pb in the environment must be given full attention. Emissions from vehicles are major source of environmental contamination by Pb. Thus, it becomes imperative that concentrations of Pb and other hazardous materials in the environment not only in the Philippines, but elsewhere in the world be adequately examined in order that development of regulations and standards to minimize risk associated with these materials in urban areas is continued. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of Pb in soil from selected urbanized cities in central region of the Philippines; (2) to identify areas with soil Pb concentration values that exceed estimated natural concentrations and allowable limits; and (3) to determine the possible sources that contribute to elevated soil Pb concentration (if any) in the study area. Methods This study was limited to the determination of Pb levels in soils of selected urbanized cities located in central region in the Philippines, namely: Site 1 – Tarlac City in Tarlac; Site 2 – Cabanatuan City in Nueva Ecija; Site 3 – Malolos City in Bulacan; Site 4 – San Fernando City in Pampanga; Site 5 – Balanga City in Bataan; and Site 6 – Olongapo City in Zambales. Soil samples were collected from areas along major thoroughfares regularly traversed by tricycles, passenger jeepneys, cars, vans, trucks, buses, and other motor vehicles. Soil samples were collected from five sampling sites in each of the study areas. Samples from the selected sampling sites were obtained approximately 2 to 3 meters from the road. Analysis of the soil samples for Pb content was conducted using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2004. Since this study assumed that vehicular emission is the major source of Pb contamination in urban soil, other information which the researchers deemed to have bearing on the study were obtained such as relative quantity of each gasoline type disposed of in each city within a given period and volume of traffic in each sampling site. A survey questionnaire for gasoline station managers was prepared to determine the relative quantity of each fuel type (diesel, regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and unleaded gasoline) disposed of or sold within a given period in each study area. Results and Discussion Analysis of soil samples for Pb content showed the presence of Pb in all the soil samples collected from the 30 sampling sites in the six cities at varying concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 251 mg kg–1. Elevated levels of Pb in soil (i.e. greater than 25 mg kg–1 Pb) were detected in five out of the six cities investigated. Site 4 recorded the highest Pb concentration (73.9 ± 94.4 mg kg–1), followed by Site 6 (56.3 ± 17.1 mg kg–1), Site 3 (52.0 ± 33.1 mg kg–1), Site 5 (39.3 ± 19.0 mg kg–1), and Site 2 (38.4 ± 33.2 mg kg–1). Soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 ± 12.2 mg kg–1) was found to be within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Site 1 registered the least Pb concentration. Nonetheless, the average Pb concentration in the soil samples from the six cities studied were all found to be below the maximum tolerable limit according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The high Pb concentration in Site 4 may be attributed mainly to vehicular emission. Although Site 4 only ranked 3rd in total volume of vehicles, it has the greatest number of Type B and Type C vehicles combined. Included in these categories are diesel trucks, buses, and jeepneys which are considered the largest contributors of TSP (total suspended particles) and PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) emissions. Conclusion Only one (San Juan in Site 4) of the thirty sampling sites recorded a Pb concentration beyond the WHO permissible limit of 100 mg kg–1. San Juan in Site 4 had a Pb concentration of >250 mg kg–1. On the average, elevated Pb concentration was evident in the soil samples from San Fernando, Olongapo, Malolos, Balanga, and Cabanatuan. The average soil Pb concentrations in these cities exceeded the maximum estimated natural soil Pb concentration of 25 mg kg–1. Average soil Pb concentration in Site 1 (16.8 mg kg–1) was well within the estimated natural concentration range of 5 to 25 mg kg–1. Data gathered from the study areas showed that elevated levels of Pb in soil were due primarily to vehicular emissions and partly to igneous activity. Recommendation and Outlook The findings of this study presented a preliminary survey on the extent of Pb contamination of soils in urban cities in central region of Philippines Island. With this kind of information on hand, government should develop a comprehensive environmental management strategy to address vehicular air pollution in urban areas, which shows as one of the most pressing environmental problems in the country. Basic to this is the continuous monitoring of Pb levels and other pollutants in air, soil, and water. Further studies should be conducted to monitor soil Pb levels in the six cities studied particularly in areas with elevated Pb concentration. The potential for harm from Pb exposure cannot be understated. Of particular concern are children who are more predisposed to Pb toxicity than adults. Phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites is strongly recommended to reduce Pb concentration in soil. Several studies have confirmed that plants are capable of absorbing extra Pb from soil and that some plants, grass species in particular, and can naturally absorb far more Pb than others.     

天津市郊夏季的臭氧变化特征及其前体物VOCs的来源解析

本文利用天津市南开大学津南校区大气环境综合观测站的臭氧及其前体物(VOCs 和NOx)、气象参数等在线监测仪器,获取了 2018 年夏季(6～8 月)小时分辨率的数据信息;分析臭氧及其前体物的相互关系及变化特征;根据光化学年龄计算出VOCs的初始浓度对其日间(06:00～24:00)VOCs体积分数的光化学损耗进行修正...     

新疆昭苏黄土剖面色度变化特征及古气候意义

对受西风影响的伊犁盆地南缘的昭苏波马剖面进行色度指标分析后发现,在黄土堆积期间,亮度L^*在很大程度上受控于颜色分量a^*、b^*,同有机质含量关系密切。在S_* 中亮度L^* 与碳酸钙有较好的相关性,而在L_*中相关性极低。红度a^*受赤铁矿含量的影响最大,其较好的 正相关关系可以很好地反映气候变干的过程。而黄度b^*与针铁矿相关性较差,易受到多方面因 素的影响,对气候转变的敏感性不高。