Neural tube defects in trisomy 18

Central nervous system anomalies in trisomy 18 are usually confined to structural abnormalities of brain development. Despite the recognized association of neural tube defects and trisomy 18, primary (true) anencephaly is uncommon in the classical trisomy 18 phenotype. A case of anencephaly with trisomy 18, diagnosed prenatally, is presented with a review of the literature of this association.     

薄壁管无芯推压缩径过程的应力应变分析

薄壁管无芯推压缩径成形过程比薄壁管拉拔成形过程复杂得多,迄今很少有这方面的文献报道。本文首次根据主应力法,比较详细地推导了薄壁管无芯推压过程的应力分布和壁厚变化的计算公式,并给出了计算实例。     

阴极射线管中低熔点玻璃的溶解规律研究

阴极射线管是电子显示系统的主要部件,含有大量铅,其废弃物的浸出毒性超过我国危险废物鉴别标准.废阴极射线管资源化的关键是锥-屏的分离,分离后的锥-屏玻璃可用于显像管的再制造、铅的提炼和玻璃的再生产等.采用超声波辅助酸-热冲击法对低熔点玻璃的溶解规律进行研究的结果表明,同乙酸相比硝酸溶解低熔点玻璃的速率更大,硝酸浓度对低熔点玻璃的溶解速率有影响;低熔点玻璃中存在的金属离子与硝酸反应后生成的物质,如硝酸铅、硝酸钡、硝酸锌及硼酸等的存在会使低熔点玻璃的溶解速率降低.     

Four years' experience of maternal alpha-fetoprotein screening and its effect on the pattern of antenatal care

Estimation of alpha-fetoprotein (A.F.P.) in maternal serum was used as a screening method for the detection of fetal neural tube defect (N.T.D.) in 7315 women over a four year period. Of these, 5668 pregnancies were tested between 15 and 21 weeks. Action was advised in 129 patients (2·3 per cent). In 74 patients, the only action required was reviewing the notes, including the report of any ultrasound examination, and repeating the blood A.F.P. Detailed ultrasound including scanning the fetal spine was requested in 47 patients and amniocentesis was advised in 19 of these (0·33 per cent). In practice the incidence of amniocentesis was 0·28 per cent as three patients declined our advice. The programme gave detection rates between 15 and 21 weeks of 100 per cent and 75 per cent respectively for anencephaly and open spina bifida. A high fetal mortality was associated with persistently elevated blood A.F.P. levels whether amniocentesis was performed or not.     

Prevention of neural tube defects in curly-tail mice by maternal administration of vitamin A

Various doses of vitamin A were administered on day 9 of pregnancy to the pregnant curly-tail mouse, a mutant, 60 per cent of which have neural tube defects (NTD). There was a reduction in the incidence of NTD in the fetuses with all doses used. The effect was maximal with 5 mg/kg; it was also marked, but to a lesser degree, with 10 and 20 mg/kg and minimal with 1 mg/kg. The implications of these findings in the mouse to the prevention of NTD in humans by preconception vitamin supplementation are discussed.     

The effects of component dimensions on heat transfer and pressure loss in shell and tube heat exchangers

In this study, the effects of geometric properties such as baffle spacing, baffle cut, sealing strips, gaps between heat exchanger components, number of tubes and tube passes have been investigated for shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE). For this purpose, geometrical dimensions and data of a specific heat exchanger (HE) used in an industrial application have been obtained. The HTRI Xchanger Suite Educational software was utilized to analyze the reference HE, to verify the results of the software and the output temperatures of the fluids, the shell side heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the pressure loss (PL) values were compared with the experimental data. After confirming that the results of the software were within the acceptable deviation values, the geometric dimensions of the reference design were changed and new analyzes were carried out to examine the effects of several dimension options on the performance of STHE. Results were discussed in a detailed and comprehensive manner via curves.     

荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化

以硫化钠为硫化剂,机械化学硫化荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅,实现金属铅向硫化铅快速转化.通过单因素实验,考察了不同机械化学硫化条件,即球磨时间、球磨转速和球料比对硫化率的影响,并通过XRD、SEM和粒度对硫化产物进行表征.结果表明,硫化率随球磨时间和球磨转速的增大而增大,随球料比的增大先增大后减小,当球磨转速为750r/min、球磨时间为120min、球料比为50：1g/g时,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的硫化率可达96.18%.XRD结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化产物为PbS、SEM和粒度结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃的粒径随球磨转速和球磨时间的增加而减小.     

封管法制备有机碳稳定同位素样品存在的问题和改进

有机碳稳定同位素的高精度测定是利用地质样品有机碳同位素研究气候和植被变化等的基础。通过实验发现低有机碳含量样品同位素测定误差相对较大,其中样品收集过程是主要的影响因素之一。本文针对这个问题,主要从杂质气体干扰入手,在一步冷冻分离CO_2和H_2O,或分步冷冻分离CO2和H2O的收集方法,以及改变收样管体积三方面进行条件实验研究,讨论了封管法制备有机碳稳定同位素样品气体收集过程对有机碳稳定同位素组成的影响。结果表明:(1)CO_2气体的纯化收集是封管法制备有机碳稳定同位素样品的一个重要步骤,收集时杂质气体含量越高,对样品有机碳稳定同位素组成的影响越大;(2)在相同的杂质气体背景条件下,与一步冷冻分离CO_2和H_2O的方法相比,分步冷冻CO2和H2O的方法能够显著减小杂质气体对有机碳稳定同位素测定的影响;(3)小体积收样管能够显著提高有机碳稳定同位素样品的离子流强度,进而提高低有机碳含量样品的稳定碳同位素测定精度。     

Impact of utilizing reflector,single-axis and two-axis sun trackers on the performance of an evacuated tube solar collector

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a novel evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) is first designed and built. Then, the impact of adding reflector, reflector plus single-axis sun tracker and reflector plus two-axis sun tracker to the built ETSC on the thermal efficiency of the ETSC is evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. In this regard, four identical versions of the proposed ETSC have been built and utilized in four collectors built and presented in this research work. The first collector is the same proposed built ETSC, the second collector is a parabolic trough solar collector comprising one built ETSC and a reflector (ETSC+R), the third collector is composed of one built ETSC, a reflector and a single-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ ST), and the fourth collector consists of one built ETSC, a reflector and a two-axis sun tracker all built in this study (ETSC+R+ DT). Theoretical basis and concepts of the four collectors are formulated and analyzed in separate subsections. Theoretical results are outlined and highlighted at the end of each subsection. Experimental measurements and data obtained from the operation of the four collectors in the four seasons are presented that point by point verify theoretical results obtained in this study. To provide a comprehensive view, a techno-economic numerical comparison is performed between the four collectors. The following points, which are also the novelty and contributions of this work, are deduced from theoretical concepts, experimental data, and comparison provided in this study:

?There is no technical and economic justification for adding a reflector to an ETSC that results in forming a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) without any sun tracker.

?There is no economic justification for adding a single-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R).

?There is no economic justification for adding a two-axis sun tracker to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R).

?Comparing between a two-axis sun tracker and a single-axis sun tracker, adding the single-axis type to a parabolic trough solar collector (ETSC+R) is more advantageous.     

DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY,COACHELLA AREA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.