建立商品房抗震安全监管体系的思考

在城市建设高速发展的今天，商品房日益增多。然而，商品房的抗震设防现状却令人不容乐观。本文通过认真分析商品房抗震安全监管存在的种种问题，提出了相关对策措施，旨在引起人们的重视并加以解决。     

THE VALUES OF GOODS AND SERVICES–IMPLICATIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE NATIONAL WATER POLICY1

ABSTRACT: This paper evolved from a concern that water resource administrators and planners do not have a consistent definition of the value of goods and services of outputs from projects and programs. A more flexible approach to planning and evaluation is presented that recognizes the interaction of production and consumption through the use of commodity demand curves. Use of the concept of consumer surplus permits measurement of the differential impacts on producers' and consumers' welfare. Quadratic programming is suggested as a consistent means of quantifying these differential impacts.     

Transparency in global sustainability governance: to what effect?

ABSTRACT

Transparency in environmental governance is no longer an uncontroversial answer to problems of accountability and effectiveness. How to design effective transparency systems and in what policy contexts they are effective remain contested issues. This special section, consisting of this introduction and four research articles, interrogates complex and potentially conflicting links between transparency, accountability, empowerment and effectiveness in environmental governance. Building on existing literature and the four contributions, we discuss persisting diversity in varieties of transparency, the evolving dynamics of commodity chain transparency, and the consequences of emerging novel forms of digitalized transparency. As we show, the contributions to this special section interrogate in novel ways the transformative potential of transparency, through shedding light on the performative effects of transparency in ever more complex environmental governance contexts. These contexts may include, inter alia, the growing ubiquity of traceability in transnational commodity chains, the need for ever more anticipatory (ex-ante) forms of environmental governance, and an ever-broadening quest for digitally monitored environments. In particular, the impacts of the real-time ‘radical’ transparency engendered by use of novel digital technologies remain under-analyzed in the sustainability domain. We conclude by raising several critical concerns that deserve further scientific research and policy debate.     

THE IMPACT OF POLICY VARIABLES ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND AND RELATED INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS1

Increasing population and urbanization necessitate very large investments in municipal water supply. These investments could be more efficiently deployed if the impact of policy variables such as marginal pricing, metering, by-laws on lawn watering and plumbing fixtures, and higher summer charges were known. The paper in particular advocates the replacement of the present declining block rate by an increasing block rate. In order to know the impact of policy variables, a multiple regression model is built; the fitted model is tested against some data not included in calibrating the model. Next the impact of selected policy variables on the target variable (residential water demand during summer) is worked out for a new urban community of 200,000 people. The investment requirements may decrease appreciably as a result of a price increase when marginal (or commodity) charges are low but the impact of price changes when commodity charges are already high is less evident and non-price policy variables may be more effective in maintaining high quality water and also satisfying the constraint of limited budgets for municipal services.     

旅游商品开发浅析

旅游商品的开发对于促进旅游业的发展具有重要意义,应引起旅游部门的高度重视。本文对我国旅游商品开发的现状及存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了我国旅游商品开发的大体思路     

Common and Conflicting Interests in the Engagements between Conservation Organizations and Corporations

The conservation community increasingly views the corporate sector as a positive force for conservation. Collaborations between corporations and nongovernmental conservation organizations (NGOs) seek to mitigate the negative effects of corporate activities and augment positive conservation outcomes. I reviewed the establishment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies by corporations; the emerging focus on environmental practices and sustainability; and the history of engagement between corporations and nongovernmental organizations. I considered the ethical and reputation vulnerabilities of these collaborations, which depend especially on the financial nature of the relationship and reviewed how CSR approaches have influenced corporate practices. I concluded that whereas CSR practices can act to mitigate negative environmental impact, to date they have had limited positive effect on biodiversity conservation. Intereses Comunes y Conflictivos en los Compromisos entre Organizaciones y Corporaciones de Conservación     

浅谈商品包装设计与包装策略

在市场经济的今天，商品包装显得尤为重要。包装是企业形象中不可缺少的一个重要组成部分，是体现传播企业形象的一个重要媒介物。本文正是从这个角度出发，给出了商品包装设计应遵循的原则和如何正确实施包装策略。     

Choices of ecosystem capital without discounting and prices

In the last decade, neo-classical economists have used the Consumption-Growth Based Utility (CGBU) framework to suggestan appropriate discount rate for eco-system capital. The CGBU framework, being based on the simplicity and single-valued nature of man-made capital, is subject to many limitations. Three general limitations of the framework, irrespective of its use for man-made capital or ecosystem capital, paradox of consumption growth, expectations' insensitive utility specification, and insensitivity to the nature of returns, arediscussed. With respect to its use for ecosystem capital, the framework has two limitations: ecosystems cannot be commoditizedand ecosystem capital satisfies differentiated needs, and, hence, gross substitution between different components of ecosystem capital or between ecosystem capital and man-made capital is not possible. Therefore, the rate of discount for ecosystem capital suggested on the basis of the framework is arbitrary. In the context of international security, choices ofecosystem capital are similar to the choices of military decisions. Similar to military decisions, ecosystem choices should be made without discounting and prices. The neo-classicalframework does not have appropriate tools for such decision analyses, and other streams of economics, specifically post-Keynesian economics, may assist decision- makers in analysing ecosystem choices without prices and discounting.     

旅游商品的模糊综合评价

旅游商品是旅游市场经济效益产出中非常重要的一个方面。面对市场上旅游商品良莠不齐和缺少旅游商品相关评价标准的状况,采用模糊数学方法对旅游商品进行综合评价。在提出四层评价体系实施方案的同时,将该评价方法应用于旅游实践,从而为旅游商品开发者、生产者、经销者或旅游景区的旅游商品开发管理提供参考。     

How conservation and humanitarian groups respond to production of border security on the Arizona–Sonora border

US policies for securing the border with Mexico are driven by multiple political concerns, including the desire to control illegal trade and immigration in a way that conveys “border security” to a national audience. Highly visible border enforcement near urban centres and via the border fence has pushed migrants into far less visible and remote wilderness areas, driving both ecological degradation and a humanitarian crisis. This study employed ethnographic methods to explore how natural resource agency employees and humanitarian volunteers in Altar Valley Arizona perceived and responded to the production of border security. We found that both groups recognised human rights and environmental concerns, although they assigned different priorities and addressed them through conflicting means. As in other cases where consumers are separated from production practices, there was a general consensus among informants that it was important to raise the consciousness of the national audience about the negative externalities of producing border security.