基于产业投资视角的乡村旅游发展区域差异与形成机制

乡村旅游发展区域差异是乡村旅游投资空间不均衡的外在表现。新时代乡村振兴背景下乡村旅游投资不断增长,正加速影响乡村旅游发展空间格局与区域差异。在对比认识浙晋乡村旅游发展差异基础上,深入剖析了乡村旅游投资系统作用区域乡村旅游发展差异的深层机理。结果发现：（1）以乡村旅游精品线路为表征的浙晋乡村旅游发展水平和市场成熟度差异显著。（2）在乡村旅游投资“自然—产业—社会”环境中,产业基础环境对区域乡村旅游发展差异贡献最突出,是区域差异形成的核心要素,自然生态环境是基础,社会文化环境则发挥积极促进作用。（3）乡村旅游发展区域差异是不同乡村旅游投资环境引起区域乡村旅游投资收益预期和回报水平与乡村旅游发展路径及模式差异的结果。基于此,提出新时代乡村旅游投资IE-maps模式,以期促进区域乡村旅游协调发展和乡村振兴战略实施。     

Environmental resource footprinting of drug manufacturing: Effects of scale-up and tablet dosage

The formulation and scale-up of batch processes is one of the major challenges in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms and at the same time a significant resource demanding process which is generally overlooked in environmental sustainability assessments. First, this paper proposes general trends in the experience curve of cumulative resource consumption of pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing of PREZISTA^® 800 mg through wet granulation (WG) at four consecutive scales in both R&D and manufacturing environments (resp. WG1 = 1 kg/h, WG5 = 5 kg/h, WG30 = 30 kg/h and WG240 = 240 kg/h). Second, the authors aim at evaluating the environmental impact from a life cycle perspective of a daily consumption of PREZISTA^® 2× 400 mg tablets versus the bioequivalent PREZISTA^® 800 mg tablet which was launched to enhance patient compliance. Environmental sustainability assessment was conducted at three different system boundaries, which enables identification, localization and eventually reduction of burdens, in this case natural resource extraction. Exergy Analysis (EA) was used at process level (α) and plant level (β) while a cradle-to-gate Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment (ELCA) was conducted at the overall industrial level (γ) by means of the CEENE method (Cumulative Exergy Extraction from the Natural Environment). Life cycle stages taken into account are Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) production, Drug Product (DP) production and Packaging. At process level (α), the total resource extraction for the manufacturing of one daily dose of PREZISTA^® (800 mg tablet) amounted up to 0.44 MJ_ex at the smallest scale (WG1) while this amount proved to be reduced by 58%, 79% and 83% at WG5, WG30 and WG240 respectively. Expanding the boundaries to the overall industrial level (γ) reveals that the main resource demand is at the production of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), excipients, packaging materials and cleaning media used in DP production. At the largest scale (WG240) the use of cleaning media during DP production contributes considerably less to the total resource extraction. Overall, the effect of scale-up and learning on resource consumption during DP production showed to possess a power-law experience curve y = 2.40 * x^−0.57 when shifting from WG1 (smallest lab scale) to WG240 (industrial manufacturing). Tablet dosage (2× 400 mg versus 1× 800 mg) did not significantly affect the absolute environmental burden. However, the relative contribution of resource categories did change due to the different production technology. It could be concluded that in meeting social and economic demands by launching the PREZISTA^® 800 mg tablet, no trade-off in environmental burden occurred. On the long term, future research should strive to take into account R&D processes and all services related to pipeline activities taking place prior to market launch and eventually to allocate impacts to the final product.     

Variability in the content and composition of alkaloid found in Canadian ergot. iii. triticale and barley∗

Abstract

The total alkaloid content and individual alkaloid composition were determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, for Canadian triticale and barley ergot (Claviceps purpurea). The total alkaloid content was highly variable between individual sclerotia from the same or different sources and ranged from 0.042 to 0.752% for triticale and from 0.082 to 1.04% for barley; average values were 0.239% for Ottawa triticale, 0.289% for Prairie triticale, and 0.264% for barley. Ergocristine and its isomer ergocristinine were the major constituents in both grains. On average, Canadian ergot pooled from rye, wheat, triticale, and barley consists of ergocristine (31%), ergocristinine (13%), ergocristinine (13%), ergotamine (17%), ergotaminine (8%), ergocryptine (5%), ergocryptinine (3%), ergo‐metrine (5%), ergometrinine (2%), ergosine (4%), ergosinine (2%), ergocornine (4%), ergocorninine (2%), and unidentified alkaloids (3%) and an average total alkaloid content of 0.236%. With the exception of rye and barley ergot from the maritime regions, Canadian rye, wheat, triticale, and barley ergot is fairly uniform in individual alkaloid composition.     

Prenatal diagnosis of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter: clinical presentations and outcomes

We present the case of a pregnant woman with low free β-HCG in maternal serum Down syndrome screening that led to prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with 46,XY,der(4)t(4;11)(p14; q25). This chromosomal aneuploidy resulted from unbalanced segregation of a paternal balanced translocation, t(4;11)(p14;q25). Prenatal ultrasound revealed intrauterine growth restriction, cleft lip and palate, a thick nuchal fold, a single umbilical artery, and pyelectasis. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and short tandem repeat markers further located the exact breakpoint of translocation. The woman had her pregnancy terminated at 23 weeks of gestational age. The proband had general appearance of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and some unique findings, including single umbilical artery, severe immunoglobulin deficiency, scalp defect, and underlying bony defect. Our case underscores the importance of fetal karyotyping when low maternal serum free β-HCG is found. It also adds information on the fetal presentations of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cytogenetic analysis of trophoblasts by comparative genomic hybridization in embryo-fetal development anomalies

Cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetal death depend on conventional tissue culturing and karyotyping. This technique has limitations such as culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes permits diagnosis of aneuploidies but is limited to one or a few chromosomal regions. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) provides an overview of chromosomal gains and losses in a single hybridization directly from DNA samples. In a prospective study, we analyzed by CGH trophoblast cells from 21 fetuses in cases of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death or polymalformed syndrome. Six numerical chromosomal abnormalities including one trisomy 7, one trisomy 10, three trisomies 18, one trisomy 21 and one monosomy X have been correctly identified by CGH. One structural abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 1 has been characterized by CGH. One triploidy and two balanced pericentromeric inversions of chromosome 9 have not been identified by CGH. Sexual chromosomal constitutions were concordant by both classical cytogenetic technique and CGH. Contribution of trophoblast analysis by CGH in embryo-fetal development anomalies is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

武陵山区两种不同下垫面温度观测及对比分析

文章通过对铜仁国家基本气象站2007-2008年探测获得的水泥地面温度资料与日常地温场观测资料进行统计分析和对比研究,发现模拟高速公路和城市的水泥地表面与自然状态下的裸土地表面两者之间,在相同太阳辐射条件下不同的季节存在着不同的温度变化和散热差异,并分析了产生温度和热力差异的原因,对比分析发现,水泥地面在夏、春季节增温效果最明显,对城市"热岛效应"的贡献较大,同时找出了水泥地面和裸土地面两者的地表平均温度、最高、最低温度在高温、降水和凝冻天气条件下的温度变化规律,掌握不同下垫面温度变化规律,有助于台站开展交通路面温度预报、道路结冰预警信息发布以及城市气象服务。     

单级和两级串联臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理垃圾渗滤液的比较研究

使用单级和两级串联臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液的二级生物处理尾水,比较研究了污染物去除效果.结果表明,臭氧投加量为200 mg·L-1时,两级串联O3-BAC对COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为75.9%±2.1%、78.8%±2.9%和96.8%±0.9%,处理出水COD基本保持在100 mg·L-1以下,色度低于40倍,满足GB 16889-2008排放要求;而单级O3-BAC对COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为68.2%±1.3%、69.7%±0.5%和92.5%±1.1%,处理出水COD和色度分别为150 mg·L-1和60倍,不能达到排放要求.单级O3-BAC在290 mg·L-1臭氧投加量下,才能达到两级串联O3-BAC在200mg·L-1臭氧投加量下的污染物去除效果.此外,两级串联O3-BAC在臭氧投加量200 mg·L-1时的总磷去除率为63.5%±4.4%,出水总磷浓度稳定在1 mg·L-1以下,直接满足GB 16889-2008排放要求.     

企业环保设施市场化运营瓶颈的经济博弈分析

从经济学角度构建了企业环境污染的理论模型。并运用制度经济学与博弈论原理揭示我国企业环境污染行为与企业环保设施市场化运营瓶颈的内在原因，据此给出制度改革的有效建议。     

基于SPA模型的煤矿瓦斯危险源风险评价

根据危险源理论和三类危险源的观点,采用集对分析(SPA)方法,进行了安全一事故集对的同异反分析,指出应采取措施控制不确定项,尤其要控制其中的第二类、第三类危险源才能使系统趋于安全状态;同时建立了煤矿瓦斯危险源风险评价模型,通过联系度的计算得出煤矿瓦斯的安全等级.研究表明,将集对分析方法应用于某煤矿瓦斯危险源风险评价,计算简单,结果较为精确、可靠,为不确定系统的评价提供了一条新思路.