农村生活垃圾分类治理的奖惩激励机制——基于复杂网络演化博弈模型

充分考虑农村"熟人社会"特点,首次采用复杂网络演化博弈模型,通过数值仿真分析了声誉损失和奖励政策对农户垃圾分类行为扩散深度的动态影响.结果表明：政府不干预时,垃圾分类将无法在农村自发持续而普遍推广;在一定范围内提高声誉损失或奖励均可显著促进农户分类;仅依靠单一政策,无法实现分类的深度扩散,若依靠声誉损失与奖励相互配合,可实现低政策强度、高扩散深度的合意效果;搭便车收益的提高会抑制垃圾分类扩散深度;注重经验学习和适应能力的EWA学习策略更有助于促进垃圾分类扩散.上述结论广泛适用于分类初始状态、学习能力、人口规模不同的农村,对中国农村垃圾分类具有普遍性的启发意义.最后,提出了充分利用"熟人社会"优势构建与农村社会经济特征相契合的垃圾分类激励政策建议.     

Supramolecular complex formation,a possible antigenotoxic mechanism of glucomannan against aflatoxin B1

Abstract

Glucomannan is a highly branched polysaccharide with glycosidic linkages, constituted of mannoses and glucoses. In recent years, its usefulness due to its immunological, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity has been recognized. The aim of the study was to determine the antigenotoxic ability of glucomannan extracted from Candida utilis orally administered (100–700?mg/kg) to mice, which subsequently received 1?mg/kg aflatoxin B₁. Hepatocytes obtained from these animals 4–16?h post administration were examined by means of the comet assay. The antigenotoxic effect was found to be higher than that observed in previous studies with α-mannan and β-D-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae., In order to explore the possibility of formation of a supramolecular complex between glucomannan and aflatoxin B₁, both compounds were co-crystallized, their melting points determined, and the complex analyzed through ultraviolet spectroscopy. The spectroscopy data suggest that the protective effect of glucomannan is related to the formation of a supramolecular complex between the two compounds.     

District heating and ambivalent energy transition paths in urban and rural contexts

ABSTRACT

Most institutions and industrial actors believe that district heating infrastructure can play a key role in accelerating the transition to low-carbon energy systems. In this article we test this belief in Italy, starting from a census of all existing plants, subdivided by sources of supply and business organization models. We isolate two types of district heating (urban and rural) and find that they are different with respect to their approaches to energy transition. In rural areas, networks constitute systems that can empower the local techno-institutional complex to achieve a technological leap. Set in a pre-existing social network, district heating reinforces a sense of community and facilitates the involvement of various local players in a collective project. In the case of biomass, we are faced with local systems that have almost completed the transition with regard to the production of thermal and sometimes electric energy. In urban areas, on the other hand, networks represent functional devices for the stabilization of the techno-institutional complex. They allow cities to work on the circularity of some economies, generating added value from the same factors of production. The discrepancy between urban and rural contexts thus highlights the need to consider the ambivalence of district heating technology.     

区域复合型大气污染调控模型研究

区域复合型大气污染是我国当前面临的主要环境问题之一,为了对其开展经济、有效的调控,本研究提出了一套适用于区域复合型大气污染环境容量规划和污染调控方案优化的线性规划模型.该模型针对区域复合型大气污染特征,可以同时处理多种一次污染和二次污染因子,综合考虑污染控制技术措施对于多种污染物的治理或去除效果、采用“差距闭合法”确定环境质量控制目标并建立软边界约束条件,以提高模型结果的合理性和可行性.在综合考虑多因子环境目标、污染控制经济技术条件以及环境管理要求等多种约束条件下,寻求区域污染控制措施费用最小的控制方案.案例研究结果表明,模型合理、有效,具有较好的推广应用价值.     

藏北草地生态系统可持续发展能力评价

藏北草地是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态安全屏障。然而,草地退化引发了一系列的生态、经济、环境和社会问题,不仅直接威胁到我国的生态屏障安全和当地的畜牧业生产,而且严重影响着藏北草地生态系统的可持续发展。研究以藏北那曲地区为例,利用复合生态系统场方法,构建了以生态功能、生产功能和生活功能为基础的可持续发展评价指标体系和模型,并通过对1985-2008年那曲地区草地生态系统的发展变化分析,定量评价了草地生态系统的可持续发展能力。评价结果表明,藏北那曲草地生态系统的发展位已超过了系统的最大承载能力,发展势缺乏潜能,协调性较差,可持续发展度很低,草地生态系统处于不可持续的发展状态。     

Remobilization of selected metal ions from Nile sediment (Egypt) according to sequential extraction and metal–EDTA complex

River sediments are basic components of our environment, providing nutrients for living organisms and serving as sinks for deleterious chemical species. The metal contents may be remobilized and released back into waters with changes in environmental conditions, thus affecting living organisms and human activities. This paper aims to determine the effect of a synthetic anthropogenic chelating agent (EDTA) as industrial discharges on the remobilization of several metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in River Nile sediments (at Aswan and Mansoura cities) under different concentrations and pH values, and to investigate the influence of metal–EDTA complexes on this remobilization. For these purposes, sequential extraction and experiments on the effect of pH and metal EDTA complex were carried out on the two representative sediment samples south and north of the River Nile in Egypt. The results of sequential extraction show that most of metal contents present in the residual form (Cu, 11.36–72.34%; Pb, 29.64–66.67%; and Zn, 43.76–50.09% at Aswan and Mansoura, respectively). Non-residual fractions which may be available for the remobilization by EDTA represented anthropogenic (industrial, agriculture, and domestic discharges) and lithiopogenic (metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides) sources. A clear increase was detected for Cu and Zn remobilization from the increase in EDTA concentrations, in contrast, Cd independent of the EDTA concentration and slight influence on Pb content. The remobilization of metals as a function of pH exhibited. The metals were greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA, showing that some of these elements were adsorbed on the sediments. The remobilization rate of metals was dependent upon the added metal–EDTA complex (with the exchange rate being in the order Ca–EDTA>Zn–EDTA>Cd–EDTA>Cu–EDTA>Pb–EDTA), due to the stability constant of the metal–EDTA complex. The results of these experiments showed that heavy metals are greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA when it is present in excess, so all precautions should be taken to prevent any wastewater containing EDTA or any chelating agents discharging directly or indirectly via the River Nile stream because most EDTA remains in the aquatic phase. The ability of this portion to remobilize metals from sediments should be taken into account.     

Application of an inclusion complex for determination of dithianon residues in water and fruits

A 3,3′-benzidine/β-cyclodextrin fluorescence derivative (BCDFD) was prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis and ¹H NMR. An inclusion complex was formed between BCDFD and the pesticide dithianon based on the internal cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and the binding constant (K_S ) of the inclusion complex was investigated. The inclusion complex could be applied for the determination of dithianon residues. Based on this, a sensitive method for the determination of dithianon was established. The linear dynamic range was from 0.63 to 12.5?mg?L^?1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927. The limit of detection for an aqueous solution of standard and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 10.6?µg?L^?1 and 0.76%, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of dithianon residues in water and fruit samples with satisfactory results, and recoveries in the range of 96.0–108% were obtained. The method is rapid, direct, economical, and sensitive for dithianon analysis.     

基于复杂网络理论的轨道交通网络脆弱性分析

城市轨道交通是城市客运体系的重要支撑,而突发事件易使某些轨道交通站点瘫痪,从而影响轨道交通网络全局效率。分析城市交通轨道网络的拓扑特征和脆弱性对于优化路网结构、保障稳定运营有重要意义。以重庆市轨道交通网络为例,使用Space L法构建拓扑网络并用Matlab软件分析节点度、平均路径长度、聚类系数等指标和分布规律,定量计算各个站点对于蓄意攻击的脆弱性,以鉴定对网络效率影响最大的关键站点。模拟攻击实验结果表明:现阶段重庆市轨道交通网络平均路径长度较大,聚集系数较小,网络连通性有待提高。面对蓄意攻击时,红旗河沟站和大坪站作为关键节点对网络效率的影响较大。在加快重庆市轨道交通建设的同时,应在运营中加强保护关键站点。     

基于约束熵的复杂系统重要节点崩溃控制研究

为有效控制复杂系统崩溃,提出一种基于约束熵的复杂系统重要节点崩溃控制方法。通过概述现有事故致因理论及模型,建立分析复杂系统安全事故致因的"认知-约束"模型。针对复杂系统节点众多,关联复杂的本质,指出为预防安全事故,必须在强化安全认知能力的基础上对重要节点进行约束控制。在提取节点重要度评估参数后,设计一种改进的复杂系统节点重要度评估算法。最后,引入约束熵概念,构建抑制复杂系统重要节点崩溃的约束熵度量模型。研究结果表明,存在可量化的用于控制复杂系统崩溃的手段;预防安全事故的关键是将适量的约束熵"引入"重要节点。     

Foundations of Resilience Thinking

Through 3 broad and interconnected streams of thought, resilience thinking has influenced the science of ecology and natural resource management by generating new multidisciplinary approaches to environmental problem solving. Resilience science, adaptive management (AM), and ecological policy design (EPD) contributed to an internationally unified paradigm built around the realization that change is inevitable and that science and management must approach the world with this assumption, rather than one of stability. Resilience thinking treats actions as experiments to be learned from, rather than intellectual propositions to be defended or mistakes to be ignored. It asks what is novel and innovative and strives to capture the overall behavior of a system, rather than seeking static, precise outcomes from discrete action steps. Understanding the foundations of resilience thinking is an important building block for developing more holistic and adaptive approaches to conservation. We conducted a comprehensive review of the history of resilience thinking because resilience thinking provides a working context upon which more effective, synergistic, and systems‐based conservation action can be taken in light of rapid and unpredictable change. Together, resilience science, AM, and EPD bridge the gaps between systems analysis, ecology, and resource management to provide an interdisciplinary approach to solving wicked problems. Fundamentos del Pensamiento sobre Resiliencia