城市消防救援网络形态特征、抗毁性与鲁棒性研究*

为探讨城市消防规划系统救援能力的空间布局科学性,采用复杂网络理论构建某城市消防救援站现状与规划网络模型。首先从模型紧密度、性能效率、连通性等方面分析复杂网络基本网络特征;其次采用节点随机/蓄意攻击、边随机/蓄意攻击、混合随机/蓄意攻击研究网络结构的抗毁性;然后根据失效发生位置,探讨网络组织内部信息系统失活导致的合作中断的鲁棒性特征;最后针对不同的规划建设方案,讨论城市消防系统建设规划的中远期时序性。研究结果可为提高消防网络的救援能力提供理论支撑。     

Two stages kinetics of municipal solid waste inoculation composting processes

IntroductionCompostingisanatureprocess,butmanyman inducedinnovativemeasureshavebeendevelopedtoacceleratecompostingefficiency .Variousspecializedseedinoculumshavebeenappliedforpracticalengineering(Biey ,2 0 0 0 ) .ThemicrobialfloraandthemassconcentrationofmicrobesinMSWcompostingprocessesunderlyinginoculationaredifferentinvariousstages(Lei,2 0 0 0 ;Akihito ,1998) .Atthesametime ,thelivingenvironmentofmicroorganismsisalsoincessantlychangingduetotheincreaseofmetabolizingproductionandconsumption…     

糠醛生产废渣直接转化为复合肥的研究

以稻草为原料,用硫酸作催化剂,分别添加过磷酸钙,重钙和复合添加剂,常压水解,温度１１０℃－１４０℃,添加剂与原料比１：２－１：３,液因比３：１－４：１,水解时间２－３ｈ,出醛率较一般硫酸法高３％－４％,渣ｐＨ≈７,有效磷和钾的含量均达到复合磷钾肥标准。     

丘陵区稻田N2O排放的特点

1993～1994年在中国科学院红壤生态试验站通过田间试验研究了丘陵区稻田N2O排放的特点结果表明稻田N2O排放主要集中在水分落干期间,淹水状态下几乎没有N2O排放。由于早稻稻草还田,晚稻稻田N2O排放量即使在水分落干期间也不高。稻田N2O排放员随地形降低而逐渐增加,1993～1994年两年中被底、坡腰和坡顶稻田水稻生长期平均N2O-N排放通量分别为10．90、5．60和2．11μg／（m2·h）。     

基于复杂网络的内河船舶碰撞事故致因分析

为了探明内河船舶碰撞事故致因内在联系,基于船舶碰撞事故调查报告,从人-机-环-管视角构建事故致因复杂网络模型。运用“2-4”模型从人-机-环-管视角识别和提取事故致因,采用事故树方法分析调查报告中碰撞事故过程,提取内河船舶碰撞事故致因链,利用复杂网络理论融合多事故致因链,构建包括36个节点、123条边在内的事故致因网络,计算致因网络拓扑特征参数,定量分析内河船舶碰撞事故致因之间相互作用。研究结果表明：疏忽瞭望、错误估计碰撞危险、安全管理不到位、船员不适任、船与船通信信息不足、未及时行动是内河船舶碰撞事故的关键致因。同时,内河船舶碰撞致因网络是1个无标度网络,且具有小世界特性,表明事故致因之间连锁效应明显,管控上述关键致因可有效预防碰撞事故。研究结果可为预防内河船舶碰撞事故、提高内河航运管理水平提供参考。     

Cash-based interventions: lessons from southern Somalia

Commodity distributions, the predominant relief response, are subject to growing criticism, while donors and humanitarian actors are increasingly viewing cash-based interventions as a viable alternative. This paper aims to contribute to the current debate on cash-based interventions by drawing on the experience of Action Contre la Faim in southern Somalia, where it has implemented cash for work programmes since 2004. The authors conclude that cash-based interventions are a feasible option in complex emergencies as well as in highly insecure environments as long as appropriate modalities are employed and objectives are clearly set in accordance with the needs and the context. Cash as a relief response offers wide-reaching possibilities for the future from both the perspective of the donor/agency and the standpoint of the beneficiary. It enables the beneficiaries to take control of the relief themselves and to adapt it to their individual requirements in a timely manner.     

Economic evaluation of measles catch-up and follow-up campaigns in Afghanistan in 2002 and 2003

This paper assesses the cost-effectiveness of, and the return on the investment in, the 2002 catch-up and the 2003 follow-up measles campaigns in Afghanistan from the perspective of the donor. The catch-up campaign targeted nearly 12 million children aged between six months and 12 years, while the follow-up campaign targeted over five million children aged between 9 and 59 months. Both campaigns successfully vaccinated approximately 96 per cent of the respective target populations, and are expected to avert an estimated 301,000 measles deaths over the next 10 years. The average cost per dose of measles vaccine delivered was USD 0.40. The cost per death prevented is USD 23.6, assuming a case fatality rate of 10 per cent and a discount rate of three per cent. With more than 42,000 measles deaths avoided for every one million US dollars spent, the campaigns are an excellent public health investment for precluding childhood mortality in a country affected by a complex emergency.     

锌、镉复合污染对重金属蓄集植物黑麦草养分吸收及锌、镉积累的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属蓄集植物黑麦草(Lolium perenne L．)生长、养分吸收及锌、镉积累的影响．结果表明,锌、镉单一及复合污染对黑麦草生物量存在不同程度的抑制作用．锌、镉单一及复合污染均明显降低了黑麦草植株N、P、K含量,以锌、镉复合污染对植株养分吸收的抑制作用最大．锌、镉污染共存下,黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应．黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染植株对锌、镉的蓄集量最大,其地上部锌、镉含量分别达到3108．72、73．97 mg·kg-1．     

3株甲醛转化霉菌的碳源利用特性

研究了3株甲醛转化霉菌Trichoderma viride H1, Penicillium javanicum H2, Aspergillus flavus H4在不同碳源条件下对甲醛的转化特性.结果表明,3菌株都能利用4种复合碳源(0.1%甲醛+10%蔗糖,0.1%甲醛+10%麦芽糖,0.1%甲醛+10%淀粉,0.1%甲醛+10%葡萄糖)并转化甲醛,其转化率分别在99.6%、74.9%、99.3%以上,且都能以甲醛为唯一碳源并转化甲醛,其转化率分别为88.4%、64.1%、63.0%.菌株H1测到菌丝干重的增长.     

复合催化电解法处理染料工业废水

采用复合催化电解法对染料工业废水的处理进行了研究,并获得相应的工艺参数。试验结果表明,复合催化电解法能有效地处理染料工业废水,在电解电压10V、电流0.1A、电解时间1.5h的条件下,催化电解能使废水COD_Cr去除率达到87.5％～90％,脱色率达99％～100％。复合催化电解法具有操作简便、能耗较低等特点,是处理染料工业废水的一条新途径