Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA)

Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.     

Chemometrical analysis of waste water monitoring data from Yantra river basin,Bulgaria

A chemometrical study of waste water data is carried out in order to reveal some new information about the pollution events in Yantra river basin, Bulgaria. Cluster analysis shows that no substantial difference in the behaviour of various sites along the river could be found if all chemical pollutants are simultaneously considered as variables (both for direct and indirect inlet of pollutants). Further, the clustering of the variables indicates a separation between organic and nutrition polluting species. The principal components analysis offered information about the latent factors influencing the data structure. In principle, three to four such latent factors explain over 80% of the total variance of the system. These factors are conditionally named “organic pollution”;, “nutrition pollution”; or “natural”; and are slightly different for the cases of direct and indirect inlet.     

洪湖水环境现状及主导因子分析

利用2003年夏季在洪湖采集的20个水体样本的测定结果分析了洪湖目前的水体化学性质。根据分析洪湖夏季为Ⅲ类水,则其他季节的水质等级很有可能在Ⅲ类以下。洪湖水体的理化性质各方面状况有利于水生生物的生长和繁殖。运用模糊数学方法得到的结果表明2003年水质状况以Ⅲ类水为主,表明洪湖近年来的水质呈现下降的趋势,这与人类对洪湖水生资源的过度开发有直接的联系;通过主成分分析方法,得到了目前洪湖水质的三个主要控制因素。洪湖水质主要受到氮盐营养元素和生物活动的控制,其次是悬浮物和水体的离子属性,第三是水体的磷化合物。尽管磷是大多数湖泊水体富营养化的关键物质,但它对洪湖湖水而言,并不是最重要的控制因素,所以洪湖富营养化不是水质变化的主要原因。     

2014年10月上旬北京市大气重污染分析

使用垂直观测、地面观测和PM2.5化学组分观测等手段,对2014年10月上旬北京市一次重污染过程进行分析.结果表明,本次大气重污染发生时北京市近地面后散射激光强度变强,气溶胶消光系数升高,说明污染物在近地面层积累.重污染期间气象要素特征为:风场弱,湿度大,地面受弱气压场控制.从PM2.5浓度变化趋势来看,这次重污染过程大体分为四个阶段:“两个台阶”型的浓度爬升阶段(P1和P2)、高浓度维持阶段(P3)和迅速清除阶段(P4).结合地面观测、遥感反演和PM2.5组分分析可发现,区域传输是导致本次重污染的诱因,其中秸秆焚烧是影响因素之一,随后区域传输和本地污染物排放共同维持并加重了重污染过程.大气氧化剂OX与PM2.5浓度、二次离子浓度均表现出显著正相关性,表明较强的大气氧化性能促进PM2.5浓度增长.     

ON PRECIPITATION SENSOR NETWORK DENSITIES FOR EVALUATING WINTERTIME OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS1

Principal component analysis is used to investigate density requirements of wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiment precipitation sensor networks. Three passes in the vicinity of Climax, Colorado are studied. The eighteen or more evenly spaced precipitation sensors of each pass are almost completely described by three principal components. These three principal components appear to represent (i) mean precipitation, (ii) slope orientation to storm systems, and (iii) elevation. Evaluation of these principal components is implemented with two distribution-free tests, a proportionality test and the runs test. The results of this study suggest that the loss of experimental information caused by low density precipitation sensor networks may be of little consequence.     

新疆种植业土地利用变化及驱动力研究

种植业土地利用方式是关系农民增收的重要因素.采用主成分分析法,运用定量分析与定性描述的方法,全面分析了新疆 1978～2002年期间种植业土地利用变化的驱动因素.研究表明:影响新疆种植业土地利用规模的主要因素按影响力大小排列为科技进步、农业发展、农产品价格,而影响种植业结构变化的主要因素则有市场因素、粮食生产能力、产业政策.在此基础上,建立多元回归预测模型,为种植业土地合理利用提供评价依据,促进农民增收.     

旅游中心地空间外向度及等级体系研究--以全国27个优秀旅游城市为例

采用旅游流强度模型，比较了全国27个主要旅游城市的旅游外向功能量及旅游流强度，并在此基础上运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法，将它们划分为5个等级体系，并对各级旅游中心地进行了评价。研究表明，我国旅游中心地区域发展不平衡，发展态势与我国经济发展态势基本吻合，从发展水平看，沿海高于内陆，东部高于西部，南方高于北方；旅游流强度能较好地刻画旅游中心城市的等级，旅游流强度大的城市，旅游中心地级别愈高，旅游业愈发达，反之亦然。     

名山河流域水稻土组分对微团聚体吸附-解吸铜的影响

以名山河流域典型的水稻土为例,利用模拟-培养试验和选择溶解法,研究各土壤组分对原土和不同粒径微团聚体吸附解吸Cu2+能力的影响.结果表明,去除土壤组分前后的原土和不同粒径微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附均用Langmuir方程拟合效果最佳,原土和不同粒径微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附能力大小顺序为:0.002mm2.000～0.250mm原土0.053～0.002mm0.250～0.053mm.与未去除土壤组分的原土相比,去除土壤组分的原土和微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附量均有所减小,尤其以去除有机质后对Cu2+吸附量的减小最为显著,在0.002mm微团聚体中减小值高达44.50%±2.77%,0.250～0.053mm微团聚体中Cu2+吸附量减小值最低,为37.68%±3.11%.经不同处理后原土和各粒径微团聚体吸附量减少的顺序为:去有机质去游离氧化铁去无定形氧化铁.去除各土壤组分后,原土和各粒径微团聚体对Cu2+的专性吸附降低,非专性吸附显著上升,降低了原土和各粒径微团聚体对Cu2+污染的缓冲能力,同时显示了各土壤组分在专性吸附中的重要性.     

气象因素与早稻产量因子的相关性分析

为了探明气象因素对南方稻区早稻产量因子及产量的影响,应用杂交早稻组合金优402于2003—2009年种植在湖南省内7个生态点的产量因子和相应的气象数据,建立早稻不同生育时期的日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、相对湿度和日照时数等气象因素与总苗数、成穗率、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重等产量因子的回归方程,研究影响湖南早稻产量因子的主要气象因素及其敏感时期。结果表明:移栽后24～27 d的低温阴雨导致早稻分蘖数不足;分蘖成穗率主要受移栽后33～41 d的气温和日照时数影响,随温度升高和日照时数延长而升高;每穗总粒数与始穗前9～1 d的日均温、始穗前9～4 d的日最高气温及始穗前10～5 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与此期的相对湿度呈负相关;结实率与始穗前14～9 d的日均温、日最低气温呈正相关,而与始穗前9～5 d的日最高气温和日照时数表现为负相关;千粒重与始穗前25～20 d的相对湿度、始穗后14～20 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与始穗前25～20 d的日均温、始穗后17～22d的日最低气温表现出负相关。     

莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿矿物组成及特征

滨海砂矿是目前全球最大的潜在矿产资源之一。以莫桑比克的滨海砂矿作为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等手段对莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿的矿物组成及特征进行了研究。并用数理统计方法讨论了重砂矿的元素赋存状态及其载体矿物。研究结果表明:(1)砂矿的矿石矿物主要为钛铁矿、金红石和锆石,脉石矿物主要为石英和长石。(2)重砂矿的主要化学组分为Ti和Zr;Hf及REE为次要组分;而主要有害元素组分Th和U,其总体含量低,故重砂矿对采选加工和产品利用均无明显环境危害。(3)重砂矿中元素含量与粒度之间呈一定相关性,显示Zr、Hf、U、Cr、Ta的载体矿物的粒度相对较细;Ti、Fe、V、Nb的载体矿物的粒度相对较粗。