太湖金墅湾水源保护区陆域水质特征

水源保护区陆域良好的水质是供水安全的重要保证。为探讨太湖地区水源保护区陆域水质现状及陆域污染对水源地取水口水质的影响,以太湖金墅湾水源保护区为研究对象,对陆域河流、入湖河口及邻近湖区进行了系统的调查。结果表明：陆域水质氮含量超过国家Ⅳ类水标准,污染程度高于湖区,其中以硝态氮为主的农业非点源污染对水源地水质构成较大威胁;磷含量维持在Ⅲ类水质,污染程度较小。保护区河流污染受季节性变化影响显著,且存在明显的空间差异。     

宁南山区退耕还林还草对土壤氮素组成及其转化酶活的影响

以宁夏南部山区柠条、山桃、苜蓿和长芒草这4种植被为研究对象,玉米(农地)为对照,测定土壤中7种氮素的含量及2种氮素转化相关酶的活性,通过冗余分析方法探究退耕还林还草对土壤氮素及其转化酶活的影响.结果表明:①与玉米地相比,长芒草地的颗粒有机氮,轻组分有机氮,微生物生物量氮和铵态氮分别增加35. 3%、83. 3%、64. 2%和110. 0%;苜蓿地的可溶性有机氮和铵态氮分别增加0. 7%和67. 5%;长芒草地的天冬酰胺酶和蛋白酶活性活性分别提高360%和144. 8%,说明退耕还草对氮素及其转化酶有一定促进作用;②山桃地的有机氮、轻组分有机氮、颗粒有机氮和可溶性有机氮分别比玉米地高3. 7%、133. 3%、70. 6%和28. 1%,柠条地的轻组分有机氮和山桃地的微生物生物量氮分别比玉米地高16. 7%和49. 6%,柠条地和山桃地的蛋白酶活性均高于玉米地,说明退耕还林对氮素及其转化酶同样有促进作用.③冗余分析(RDA)结果和环境因子解释率表明,土壤含水率,p H值和有机碳是影响宁南山区氮素分布与转化的关键因子.退耕还林还草改变了氮素相关转化酶的活性、对氮素组成有一定的促进作用,为黄土高原生态恢复和土壤质量管理提供了理论依据.     

上海市大气散射消光特征及其与颗粒物化学组成关系研究

为研究上海市大气颗粒物散射系数分布特征以及颗粒物化学组分贡献率,2009年用浊度仪对散射系数进行观测,同时采集PM2.5,分析其主要化学成分浓度.观测发现,秋、冬季散射系数较高,夏季最小.散射系数日变化有早、晚两个峰,午间出现低谷.散射系数与温度、风速有显著负相关性.多元回归得到OC、NO-3、NH+4是影响消光系数的主要化学成分.依据IMPROVE估算公式,将OC分为吸湿性和非吸湿性部分,并加入海盐影响,使估算bext值更接近监测值.OC、EC和硫酸铵盐为估算消光系数主要贡献成分.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的分层组分及其理化性质的变化特征研究

针对活性污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS),采用阳离子交换树脂(CER)法和离心/超声波法对总EPS和分层EPS(由外至内依次为slime,LB-EPS,TB-EPS)分别进行提取,测定EPS中多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)和DNA的含量,并对各EPS溶液的理化特性随溶液条件的变化特征进行了探讨.结果表明,EPS的化学组分(PS、PN和DNA)在TB-EPS层中含量最高,其亲水性组分的含量高于疏水性组分,但PN的疏水比高于PS.各层EPS中PS/PN的值对其Zeta电位和等电点有重要的影响.其中,PS/PN越高,各层EPS的Zeta电位越小,分层EPS的等电点越高.各种EPS溶液pH的增加导致其Zeta电位基本呈下降趋势,对应的等电点分别为pH总EPS=2.9、pHslime=2.2、pHLB-EPS=2.3、pHTB-EPS=1.3.离子强度的增加可以导致EPS溶液的电导率呈直线上升,对应的Zeta电位却迅速增加然后趋于稳定,但并未出现电位逆转现象.此外,升高温度(<40℃)可以降低各种EPS溶液的表观黏度,并在40～60℃之间时逐渐趋于稳定.     

桂林酸雨中不可溶成份的电镜分析

对广西省桂林市１９８８－０３－１６－１９８８－０３－２９出现的四次系统酸性降水，进行了降水的连续联样和过滤，用电子显微镜观测降水中的不可溶成分，共得到了１２种元素，即Ａｒ，Ｍｇ，Ａｌ，Ｓｉ，Ｐ，Ｓ，Ｃｌ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ和Ｃｒ。用平均值法和聚类法，分析了桂林酸雨中１２种不可溶元素的重量谱特征，以及它们与降水系统之间的关系。     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(8): 36–39 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

Influence of fungicide residues and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on total antioxidant capacity and phenolic fraction of Graciano and Tempranillo red wines

Abstract

The effect of fenhexamid, mepanipyrim and cyazofamid fungicides on in vitro bioavailability of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Tempranillo and Graciano red wine was studied by simulating the digestive process by dialysis in semipermeable membranes. Determination of antioxidant activity was through reaction with the DPPH ? radical and the measurement of phenolic compounds was made with liquid chromatography with diode detector (HPLC-DAD). Fenhexamid, mepanipyrim and cyazofamid reduce the total polyphenol content in both wines. During dialysis there was a large loss of total polyphenols (80–90%) and of antioxidant activity (> 90%). The bioavailability of the phenolic compounds is lower than that for non-treated wines and the highest dialization percentages were found for stilbenes > 50%. While for the remaining phenolic fraction the order is the following hydroxycinnamic derivatives?>?anthocyanins?>?flavonols.     

主成分分析在近年来松花江吉林段水质研究中的应用

本文采取主成分分析法,对2005～2008年松花江吉林江段水质监测数据进行分析,通过分析主要污染物（包括：高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量、氨氮、石油类、挥发酚、六价铬）确定近年来松花江吉林江段水体主要污染物的种类仍然是以有机污染物物为主,同时存在一定无机污染物和特征污染物。分析过程中选取5个监测断面进进行分析,首先建立5个断面污染物相关系数矩阵,得出特征值,其次确定两个主成分并分析与污染物之间关系;最后利用因子得分确定5个监测断面的水质污染程度,并提出了不同断面的环境管理方法。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液有机物成分分析及蒸发处理研究

采用GC-MS对某垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的有机物成分进行检测分析。结果表明:渗滤液中至少含有50种有机污染物,相对含量最高的有机污染物是尼古丁和3-甲酚。研究真空度、蒸发温度和pH值对渗滤液蒸发过程中冷凝液的COD、TOC和氨氮浓度的影响,并对冷凝液进行有机物成分检测,结果表明:蒸发速率和冷凝液COD值均随蒸发温度和真空度的增加呈增加趋势,蒸发温度和真空度对冷凝液TOC值影响不大,随蒸发温度升高冷凝液中氨氮含量整体呈下降趋势;在蒸发温度60～120℃范围内,冷凝液的有机物成分以烷烃类有机物和尼古丁为主;烷烃类有机物的析出仅与蒸发温度有关,苯酚类有机物的析出与真空度和蒸发温度均有关;在酸性条件下蒸发冷凝液的COD值和TOC值均远大于在中性和碱性条件下的数值,但氨氮含量相反;酸性条件下冷凝液有机物成分主要为有机酸和烷烃类有机物。