Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and 137Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ¹³⁷ Cs dating, problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved. Further, weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index (EQCI) is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation. In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights, the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was designed. The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures: First, the parameters y _i1 and y _i2 were calculated based on the monitoring data; second, the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y _i1 and y _i2; third, the continuous odd integers, which represented the importance of factors, were given to factors according to their seating order; and, fourth, the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers. Therefore, the weights were completely based on the monitoring data. In the present study, the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(8): 1531–1536 [译自: 环境科学]     

不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染状况比较分析——以郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇为例

选取自然条件类似但工业化、城镇化水平明显差异的郑州市、中牟县和韩寺镇,在野外调查取样、室内化验分析的基础上,运用地积累指数法比较了土壤Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni等6种重金属元素的污染特征。结果表明:(1)城镇土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr,基本上不存在Cu、Ni元素的外源性累积;由于受人为活动干扰,城镇土壤重金属元素具有强烈的变异性。(2)城镇土壤Pb和Cd污染主要与工业、交通废气沉降有关,Zn污染除工业、交通因素外,还与居民日常生活废弃物排放密切相关;工业区、交通密集区以及居民区土壤重金属污染程度显著高于其他功能区。(3)Pb和Cd在各研究区的累积程度的大小顺序为郑州市区>韩寺镇区>中牟县城>对照区,Zn为中牟县城>郑州市区>韩寺镇区>对照区,而Cr污染除在对照区略小之外,其他三个区域相差不大;不同级别城镇土壤重金属污染的差异是人为活动的历史累积作用和近年来城镇化、工业化影响作用相互叠加的结果。     

化工园区突发性环境污染事故风险防范与应急对策探讨

随着工业化程度的不断提高和改造自然能力的不断增强,近年来,中国不断发生重大突发性环境污染事故,给环境、人民群众的生命、健康和财产造成了严重的损害。在此以长江三角洲某化学工业园为例,介绍了化工园突发性环境污染事故的风险类别及危害,提出了化工园突发性环境污染事故的风险防范措施与应急对策,并指出为减少突发性事故危害,化工园区周围社会和园区内各个存在环境风险的企业均须建立应急预案,开展突发性环境污染事故应急综合演习、模拟污染事故,启动应急预案,供参考。     

化工灾害事故处置中废水污染的防范措施

阐述了化工灾害事故处置中废水污染的分类及危害。对废水污染的原因进行分析,提出了防范及减少污染的措施和环境保护的方法。     

工艺安全管理系统的发展现状及建议

介绍工艺安全管理的发展历程、关键要素及各要素在企业不同生命周期的应用,总结国外发达国家的相关法规及实施工艺安全管理后重大事故发生概率的变化,对我国工艺安全管理提出建议。     

虚拟现实地理信息系统技术在城市环境污染突发事件中应用探讨

通过分析事件驱动原理,将事件驱动机制（EDI）融入虚拟现实地理信息系统（VRGIS）的建模框架,探索基于VRGIS的事件驱动时空模型及其在城市环境污染突发事件响应中的应用前景以及主要技术设计过程,旨在为资源与环境的可持续利用研究提供一个形象直观的虚拟演示平台来反映城市中环境变化的空间响应及其对策定制等问题。     

非织造材料在油污染控制中的作用分析

针对油污染造成的危害,介绍了控制油污染的方法、吸油材料的种类和要求,通过比较从原料和结构两个方面分析了非织造吸油材料的性能特点,对熔喷聚丙烯非织造吸油产品的作用作出了评价。     

松花江沉积物金属元素含量、污染及地球化学特征

研究了松花江沉积物常量和微量金属元素地球化学行为.从松花江采集39个沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc、V、Mn、Ti、AI、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K的总量,目的是阐明松花江吉林市至哈尔滨市河段沉积物金属元素含量和分布特征,考察元素之间的地球化学关系,探讨微量金属污染物区域基线用于定量分析沉积物微量金属元素的污染.松花江沉积物中有毒微量金属的浓度如:As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、V分别为2.7～11.5、0.05-1.38、4.8～14.7、15.9-78.9、2.4-75.4、0.01-1.27、21.8-403.1、6.2-35.8、12.6-124.4、22.1-108.0 mg/kg.由于人为干扰(污染).沉积物中Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb的时空分异高于常量元素.而且这些金属元素与其赋存矿物元素.如Fe、Mg、Sc之间的相关性降低了.本研究建立了沉积物中常见污染污染物As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的环境基线浓度,为定量估算松花江沉积物污染提供了理论依据.松花江沉积物中微量金属污染程度低于珠江和长江,与黄河近似.     

有机化学实验教学中的污染控制

基础化学实验涉及学科专业门类多,实验排放大量的各种各样的污染物,大多没有进行处理就直接排放,针对目前现状,论述有机化学实验教学中污染控制的重要性,通过采用性质实验压缩化、经典合成小量化、实验资源循环化手段,充分发挥学生的主体作用,培养学生的创新能力,逐步减少有机实验污巢,实现有机实验绿色化的设想。     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the safety management in Italian Seveso industries

The paper discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Italian chemical and process industries, where Directive 2012/18/EU Seveso III, for the control of Major Accident Hazard (MAH), is enforced. The Safety Management System (SMS) for the control of MAH, which has been mandatory for 20 years in Italian Seveso Establishments, has been highly stressed by the external pressure, related in some way to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fairly, most companies, in particular in oil and gas sectors, have demonstrated an adequate capability to reconcile operation continuity and health requirements. This experience is providing the establishment operators and the regulators with valuable suggestions for the improvements of the SMS-MAH. Within this framework, an innovative organisational resilience model is proposed, aiming at the development of a higher capability to face future new crisis. The current SMS-MAH already includes some basic pillars to enhance resilience, which were valuable during the pandemic crisis, but a full and rationale development is still needed. Starting from the first pandemic phase experience, this paper presents a novel tool to assess the degree of “resilience” of a SMS-MAH. It is based on a questionnaire, featuring 25 questions grouped into eight items, according to the typical SMS-MAH structure. A two level AHP model has been developed in order to define the weights to be assigned to each point. The AHP panel included industrial practitioners, regulators, authorities and researchers. The results are based on the COVID-19 experience and consequently the developed model is tailored to face health emergencies, but the approach may be easily transferred to other external crises.