Cd对欧美杂交杨生长紫色土和冲积土微生物多样性的影响

研究了现实环境中cd污染水平对长江流域典型土壤微生物多样性的影响,分析了现实Cd浓度胁迫对盆栽欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生长的紫色土和冲积土中可培养的微生物数量、生物量和细菌群落多样性的影响．结果表明,cd处理显著增加了栽植杨树的紫色土中可培养细菌和放线菌数量,降低了可...     

一起管道泄漏事故的原因分析及防范措施

通过对一起管道泄漏事故的过程描述及管道破裂原因的分析,发现了管道破裂的根本原因及影响因素,并提出了防范类似事故的具体措施。     

基于人体健康风险的水污染事件遗传性致癌物安全浓度研究

确定水污染事件中遗传性致癌物短期暴露安全浓度,是目前我国水环境管理中急需解决的问题.在假设遗传性致癌物暴露剂量与致癌风险呈线性相关的前提下,提出了水体中遗传性致癌物安全浓度计算流程,建立了采用遗传性致癌物终生暴露安全浓度计算短期暴露安全浓度的方法.在我国2000～2010年间发生的60起水污染事故中,特征污染物为砷的水污染事件为6起,占总污染事件比例为10%,这一结果表明砷为我国水污染事件中高发的特征污染物.根据水污染事件遗传性致癌物短期暴露安全浓度计算方法,得出砷短期暴露安全浓度为0.5 mg.L-1,表明该方法在水污染事件应急管理中具有一定的可行性.     

建立典型化工区突发性大气污染事件预测预警软件系统的构想

本系统主要包括污染气象模型、大气扩散的数学模型的建立,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,按照污染事故发生的地理位置,将模型的数值解和GIS相结合,从而可以在时间和空间上对污染扩散进行分析,得到不同地点的污染物浓度和污染程度,获取受污染范围内的人口和周边单位等重要信息;从而预测污染事故对环境的影响程度和范围,为突发性环境污染事故的应急监测、现场救护和灾后评估提供科学依据。     

福岛核电站泄漏事故污染控制与消除的成与败

因地震、海啸引发的福岛核电站泄漏事故产生的放射性污染至今仍在严重影响着日本民众的生命安全与正常生活,且污染有进一步扩大的威胁。纵观事故发生后日本采用的应急处置手段总体上是成功的,但受污染控制与消除技术缺乏等因素的制约,在污染控制与消除方面采取的措施不得力,致使蔬菜、牛奶和自来水受到了碘-131的污染,日本的进出口贸易与民众的生活受到了严重影响,身体健康受到了威胁。本文分析了日本在控制与消除核事故放射性污染方面的做法,并根据中国核事故应急救援技术发展现状,提出了更有利于减轻核事故危害、控制与消除核污染的技术与手段。     

有色金属矿业城市典型村镇土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

为了解铜陵市村镇土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,在顺安镇、钟鸣镇和义安经济开发区大致均匀布设67个采样点位,采集表层土壤样（包括地表灰尘和河道沉积物）,通过测试Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Ni等重金属含量及土壤pH值,剖析土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征,评估土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,并解析土壤重金属来源.结果表明,研究区土壤pH呈弱酸性,土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Ni含量均值分别为铜陵市土壤背景值的4.94、2.89、2.07、0.94、7.97、4.03和2.02倍,总体上呈现西高东低的变化特征.内梅罗污染指数表明,Cu、Cd、As和Pb属于重度污染,Zn和Ni分别属中度和轻度污染,Cr为无污染;不同用地类型内梅罗综合污染指数大小排序为：河道>城镇>工业用地>菜地>农业用地>山林>村庄,研究区总体属于重度污染水平.土壤重金属潜在生态风险系数大小排序为：Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cr,其中Cd处于极高风险,Cu和As处于中等风险,其余各元素均处于低风险水平;不同用地类型潜在生态风险水平排序为：河道>城镇>工业用地>菜地>农业用地>村庄>山林,其中工业用地、菜地和城镇总体达很高风险水平,农业用地达高风险水平,村庄和山林属于中等风险.主成分分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As的主要来源是当地金属矿业污染;Cr主要来自地质背景和金属矿业污染;Ni主要来源为化石燃料燃烧.     

Screening and characterization of extremophiles in spacecraft assembly environment北大核心CSCD

Spacecrafts need to strictly control microorganisms before entering space flight. The Spacecraft Assembly, Integration, and Test Center (AITC) is an important environmental source for spacecrafts to carry microorganisms. The assembly clean room has characteristics of ventilation, dryness, and lack of nutrients that are not conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, except for extremophiles. In this study, based on the internal air and surface environment of the AITC in China, 13 strains of bacteria were identified by plate culture and 16S sequence analysis, and their extreme environmental tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and film-forming ability were tested. All these bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, and nine strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. All 13 strains of bacteria were salt-tolerant, acid-tolerant, and alkali-tolerant, and 69.2% of the bacteria survived heat shock at 80 ℃. Among these, one strain of Sphingomonas sp. JCM7513 isolated from the surface environment was insensitive to all the tested antibiotics and had strong drug resistance, while the other 12 strains were sensitive to most β-lactam antibiotics but had strong resistance to tetracyclic antibiotics and erythromycin. Most of the isolated bacteria exhibited strong biofilm-forming abilities. The study showed that there are a certain number of extremophiles in the spacecraft assembly environment. To protect spacecrafts from biological corrosion and planetary protection forward pollution, more effective monitoring and elimination methods are needed. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

2010—2019年我国特别重大事故规律研究

为研究我国现阶段特别重大事故规律特征,选取2010—2019年的34起特别重大安全事故作为研究对象,利用统计学手段,以这些事故的发生地域、时间、死亡人数、事故分类等因素作为统计标准进行分析。研究发现:从时间角度,我国特别重大事故在近10年整体呈现震荡下降趋势;每年下半年,尤其是8月份为特别重大事故的高发期;特别重大交通事故易发生在夜间与午后,煤矿事故易发生在上午至中午,爆炸事故易发生在上午。针对不同行业或事故类别,交通运输及煤矿行业为特别重大事故的高发行业,爆炸事故为特别重大事故的高发类型且事故后果最为严重。同时,发现同类事故在同地区、同年月、同时段均存在聚集性现象。     

土壤中砷的污染控制技术研究

土壤砷污染修复是世界性的难题,日益受到人们的密切关注。本文阐述了土壤砷污染的现状、危害及其来源,探讨土壤砷污染的传统物理化学和生物修复技术的研究现状及特点的同时,重点阐述了纳米材料修复技术,尤其是纳米铁技术,并对土壤砷污染修复研究方向进行了展望。     

Time‐Dependent Health Risk from Contaminated Groundwater Including Use of Reliability,Resilience, and Vulnerability as Measures

Traditionally, assessment of human health risk caused by contamination of a water supply focuses on the maximum risk to an individual. Here, we introduce a time‐dependent risk assessment method and adapt and explore the reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV) criteria from the surface‐water literature as possible tools for assessing this risk. Time‐dependent risk assessment, including RRV, is applied to two synthetic examples where water quality at a well varies over time. We calculate time‐dependent health risks for discrete periods of exposure to the contaminated water for a variable population. The RRV criteria provide information about time‐dependent risk: probability of an acceptable risk, probability of system recovery, maximum risk, and average exceedance of a prescribed risk threshold. The results demonstrate that episodic contamination events produce fundamentally different time‐dependent risks than long‐term events: these differences, such as generally lower risks for the episodic contamination, can be captured via plots of the risk and the RRV criteria. Furthermore, the evaluation of time‐dependent health risk and the RRV criteria demonstrates significant sensitivity to the shape of the contaminant breakthrough curve, length of exposure, and variability within the population. Overall, analysis of time‐dependent health risks provides substantial insight into the structure of risk, with RRV providing a reasonable framework for the evaluation of these risks.