民航“重大突发事件情景构建”应用实例探讨

重大突发事件情景构建理论是前沿的应急管理理论之一,为我国民航主管部门及民航企业在应对民航重大突发事件特别是预防和处置重大飞行事故方面提供了一个全新的思路和发展方向。针对国内外重大飞行事故特点和我国民航在应对突发事件及应急管理体系存在的问题进行分析,结合对重大突发事件情景构建理论所要求的"情景-应对"模式进行描述说明,建立了某一飞行事故情景的构建方案,以此为实例对如何应用该理论进行了示范和探讨。认为重大突发事件情景构建理论对于改进、完善我国现行民航应急管理体系具有重大的实践和指导意义。     

石油石化重大工艺安全事故应急机制浅析

石油石化生产关键工艺设备或流程蕴藏的风险能量巨大,一旦发生事故,后果往往极其严重。分析了石油石化重大工艺安全事故专业性强、事故规模大、易形成连锁反应和诱发环境污染事件等3个典型特征。通过事故应急经验分析,研究提出了石油石化重大工艺安全事故应急工作需要遵循的风险辨识充分到位、专业应急保障有力、应急资源保障充足、企地联动迅速高效、社会舆论引导得力等5方面的重点应急策略。设计了工艺安全事故风险辨识与评估、专业应急队伍建设与能力提升、应急资源联合储备、区域应急联动和公共危机公关等5项石油石化企业重大工艺安全事故应急重点工作机制内容和建设要点。石油石化企业需要不断建立和完善5项应急工作机制,才能为重大工艺安全事故应急工作提供可靠保障。     

一起汽车起重机吊物坠落事故分析

介绍了一起汽车起重机吊装过程中吊物坠落事故,经过现场调查与勘查,分析吊索具在吊物过程中滑脱原因,从而总结事故原因和事故教训。     

Ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in coastal sediments along the northern shores of the Bohai Sea (China)

The total concentrations of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)-listed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in coastal and estuarine sediments along the northern shores of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, at any study location varied from 0.236 to 8.34 nM g^?1 dry weight (dw). For a given PAH, concentrations varied by one to two orders of magnitude. Ecological risk assessments based on biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) indicated that the potential ecological hazard of PAHs in the sediments was limited. The average total sediment PAH concentrations were less than the effects range low, indicating that PAHs currently present in the sediments were not harmful to aquatic organisms. The estimated PAH concentration in the aquatic organisms was 0.223 nM g^?1 and posed a limited threat to human health via biological concentration from sediment to harvest of the sea. Assuming no additional PAH inputs, 99% of the 16 PAH molecules currently present in the sediments would be degraded in 40 years.     

多功能区工业园土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染及生态风险差异分析

多功能区工业园具有生产和生活的双重功能,园区内有色金属的冶炼和加工可能导致重金属污染从而威胁人体健康.本文选取位于长江经济带下游地区安徽中部某地级市的一个以铜加工和机械制原件为主导产业的工业园区为研究对象,通过采集并测试土壤和灰尘样品,对该园区土壤和灰尘重金属的空间分布和垂直分布特征进行分析,借助生态风险指数来评估可能存在的较高风险区域,利用相关性分析和主成分分析对重金属来源进行识别,将研究结果与不同地块分区的使用功能结合讨论,并从土壤与灰尘重金属在分布和含量上差异来探讨风险管控相关措施.结果表明,在土壤和灰尘的空间分布特征上,园区土壤中Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd的含量要明显高于当地土壤背景值,分别达到背景值的2.65、1.76、1.56、2.14和3.87倍.灰尘的重金属含量则明显高于土壤,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Pb和Cd的含量均超过背景值,分别达到背景值的1.93、1.05、7.57、4.63、6.08、5.39、2.58和5.50倍.水平分布上,土壤重金属含量和综合生态风险较高的区域主要集中在园区西部;垂直分布上,随着土壤深度的增加,重金属含量并没有出现显著地上升或者下降趋势.灰尘的高重金属含量和高生态风险地区则更靠近主要的交通干道.主成分分析结果表明,靠近西边的土壤重金属偏高主要原因,可能来源于早期河水灌溉.而道路交通是导致灰尘重金属含量偏高的主要因素的可能性较大.这一土壤和灰尘重金属在空间分布来源上的差异,将对园区加强风险管控提供可参考的科学建议.包括根据不同区域的使用功能分区管理,来减少重金属对生态环境造成的污染和危害人体健康的可能性.     

一起高压充氮车燃爆事故

对某机场制氧制氮站发生的一起充氮拖车上的高压氮气瓶燃爆事故进行分析,找出了事故的原因,提出了几点建议。     

超深大直径钻孔灌注桩工程施工——以温州世贸中心大楼为例

介绍了温州世贸中心钻孔灌注桩工程施工过程中所采用的钻进工艺．简述了复杂地质条件下超深大直径钻孔灌注桩施工易发生的问题。根据工程实践经验,分析总结了施工过程中常见的工程事故及产生的原因,提出了施工中应采取的技术措施。     

压力容器爆炸事故分析和后果预测

针对一般压力容器的爆炸情况,对容器内物质分3种集态分别讨论计算其爆炸能量、爆炸冲击波大小及其破坏范围,以此进行事故分析和后果预测。     

Spatial distribution and risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along roadsides of the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,China北大核心CSCD

Traffic activities in roadways are the major source of heavy metal contamination on the northwestern Sichuan Plateau, China. To characterize the spatial pattern of heavy metal distribution, we collected soil samples and measured the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from nine sites in Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province, including three transects that reflected typical gradients of traffic density. Each transect consisted of three levels of traffic density sites. We calculated single pollution index, Nemerow multi-factor index, and potential ecological risk index, to assess the ecological risk of the heavy metal contamination. Results showed that the soils were contaminated by Cd and Zn, with higher concentrations than that of the natural soil background values in all sampling sites. Moreover, Cd and Zn concentrations increased with increasing traffic density, suggesting that traffic activities were potentially responsible for the metal contaminations. The single pollution index indicated that the study sites were heavily contaminated by Cd and slightly polluted by Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the Nemerow multi-factor and potential ecological risk indexes indicated moderate potential ecological risks at the study sites. Specifically, the sites with high traffic density were moderately contaminated and the sites with low traffic density were mildly contaminated. In general, Cd and Zn were highly accumulated in soils of the study region; therefore focus should be on the high ecological hazard associated with soil heavy metal contamination, even in undeveloped regions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Effects of a lead- and cadmium-resistant fungal strain on the absorption of heavy metals by Vetiveria zizanioides北大核心CSCD

A two-factor randomized complete block experiment was used to explore the remediation by a plant-microorganism combination on soils contaminated by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Factor A was the amount of fungi, for which four values were considered, namely, 0, 1, 3, and 5 g. Factor B was the level of contamination by lead and cadmium, for which six values were considered, namely, Cd0Pb0, Cd10Pb400, Cd20Pb600, Cd30Pb800, Cd50Pb1200, and Cd80Pb1800 (data in units of mg/ kg). The results showed that the resistant fungi promoted the growth of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). At weights of 1, 3, and 5 g, the resistant fungi increased the biomass of vetiver by 41.9%, 74.9%, and 71.7% respectively. The resistant fungi stimulated the absorption of lead and cadmium by both the aerial and underground parts of vetiver. In the presence of 80 mg/kg of Cd2+ and 1 800 mg/kg of Pb2+, the contents of lead in the aerial parts of vetiver were increased by 120.6%, 265.4%, and 242.9%, while the lead content in the underground parts were increased by 110.3%, 278.2%, and 266.2%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The content of cadmium in the aerial parts increased by 113.2%, 238.3%, and 217.3%, while the content of cadmium in the underground parts increased by 103.1%, 298.8%, and 274.4%, after the addition of 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g of fungi, respectively. The addition of fungi strengthened the effect of V. zizanioides to remediate soils contaminated by lead and cadmium, and the remediation after the addition of 3 g of fungi was better than that after treatment with 1 g and 5 g of fungi. The combination of resistant fungi and the heavy metal enrichment plant, vetiver, under different concentrations of lead and cadmium showed that the fungi had a significant effect on the remediation of soils contaminated by lead and cadmium. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.