Handling Techniques: The Influence of Weight and Height for Experts and Novices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the weight of the load (12 kg, 22 kg) and of the height of the grasp (high: 126 cm; middle: 64 cm and 95 cm; low: 33 cm) on the handling techniques adopted by six experienced handlers and six novices having only limited handling experience during a free box-handling task. Each subject had to transfer two sets of 16 boxes from a platform to a four-wheel cart. The observations dealt with the position of the subject at the beginning of transfer and at deposit (position of the back, knees and feet, pelvic orientation, position of the hands), his way of moving during the transfer (position of the feet), and his way of positioning and moving the box during handling (tilt of the box, impulse given to the box, grip change). The results show that the weight and the height of grasp/deposit had an influence on the techniques adopted by expert handlers and novices. Some of these variations are common to both groups but many of them are not, such as the position of the knees, the grips and the position of the box. This study suggests that there is not one method that is suitable for all situations, and that expert handlers may have learned how to adjust their methods to the working environment. A better understanding of the experts’ techniques could help in redesigning efficient training programs.     

基于熵权物元可拓模型的智慧档案馆安全评估

为了评估智慧档案馆的安全状况,预防安全事故发生,通过分析智慧档案馆的安全因素,构建了由8个一级指标、38个二级指标构成的智慧档案馆安全评估指标体系,并将信息熵理论和物元可拓理论有机结合,构建了智慧档案馆安全熵权物元多级可拓评估理论模型。应用该指标体系和理论模型对某档案馆进行了实证研究,得出其安全等级为V级(安全),为该馆针对性地提出了加强安全工作的整改建议。评估结果与实际情况一致,验证了该评估指标体系和评估理论模型的正确性和可靠性。     

变权综合法在航空公司风险评价中的应用研究

针对民航风险评价中大多数综合评价方法采取常权综合法,当评价指标体系中某些指标出现严重缺陷时,导致最终综合评价值与实际情况不符的现象,将变权综合法应用到民航风险评价中。给出变权综合法风险评价的基本步骤,以航空公司风险评价为例,建立评价指标体系,运用模糊数学知识对底层指标进行赋值,并对其进行标准量化,其次根据变权综合评价法的基本原理及民航行业高风险的特点,选择适合的状态变权公式,计算评价指标体系的状态变权及变权,最后由变权综合法的综合评价公式,计算出系统的风险评价值。通过与常权综合法的计算结果相比较,变权综合法能较好解决民航风险评价中常权综合法存在的问题,同时计算结果也验证了变权综合法的优越性、有效性和实用性。     

基于熵技术的尾矿库安全模糊综合评价体系研究

在以往对尾矿库安全评价时,常常只对尾矿库的地质情况、坝体结构、防洪能力和坝体稳定性等进行安全度计算,然后评价尾矿库安全性,但都未能全面综合地判定尾矿库的安全运行状况。针对尾矿库安全评价具有定性指标多、定量指标少、评价主观性过强、客观性偏弱等特点,建立涵盖坝体稳定性、排洪安全性、输送及排放安全性、监测可靠性、管理全面性为一级指标的尾矿库安全现状评价指标体系。利用信息论中熵的概念计算客观权重的方法,避免人为主观的影响,提出尾矿库安全模糊综合评价模型。应用该模型对陕西省某尾矿库的安全现状进行评价,根据评价结果并结合评价指标的权重探索尾矿库存在的安全隐患,为进一步整改提供理论依据,具有一定的使用价值。     

中国城市绿化评价系统比较分析

城市绿化在城市环境建设中起着至关重要的作用。为衡量城市绿化建设的水平和指导城市规划,有必要建立科学的绿化评价体系。分析和比较了中国现有的4种国家级城市绿化评价体系：国家园林城市标准、全国绿化模范城市标准、国家森林城市标准和国家生态园林城市标准,并从易得性、可比性、简易性、客观性等4个方面对具体的指标进行了分析。4种绿化...     

GIS与层次分析法相结合的生态环境综合评价研究——以渝西地区为例

将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于渝西地区生态环境质量综合评价。首先,根据渝西地区生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元,通过层次分析法,确定各评价指标的权重,计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数;然后运用GIS技术,根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数,自动生成渝西地区生态环境综合评价等级图;在此基础上,对渝西地区生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示,渝西区生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低,与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合,但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对渝西地区生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用,但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响,在某些情况下,甚至可以成为决定因素,并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

旅游公路景观协调性评价指标权重模型研究

为评价旅游公路景观协调性,通过对影响旅游公路景观协调性因素的分析,采用目标分解法初选评价指标,确定公路景观与交通安全、景观与视觉、景观与生态环境协调性3个目标层。在此基础上采用德尔菲法建立景观协调性评价指标体系;将景观协调性指标权重分为价值量权重和信息量权重2部分,在序关系分析法基础上充分利用指标值信息,综合主、客观赋权法,建立旅游公路景观协调性评价指标组合权重模型。结果表明:该模型可客观有效地确定各评价指标的权重。     

Ag3PO4掺杂g-C3N4催化剂的制备及其可见光催化降解含碘类造影剂性能

以沉淀-回流方法于磷酸银(Ag₃PO₄)中掺杂氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)制备新型复合光催化剂,同时采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射图(XRD)等手段对合成催化剂的形态特征、晶型结构以及物理化学性质进行表征.以碘帕醇(IPM)作为目标污染物,通过改变催化剂的使用条件考察了氙灯光照下催化剂对水溶液中含碘类造影剂(ICMs)的光催化降解性能,并且分析了催化氧化过程中可能的污染物降解途径以及转化产物.结果表明,合成后的催化剂结构稳定,相对于使用单一催化剂(Ag₃PO₄或g-C₃N₄)条件下,复合催化剂对ICMs的光降解性能都得到大幅度提升,经条件优化后,确定Ag₃PO₄与g-C₃N₄的质量比例为0.15∶0.1时降解效果最佳,但不可超过0.2∶0.1,且降解性能与催化剂的投加浓度呈正相关,浓度在0.75 ...     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

基于指标协调性的水体富营养化状况的模糊识别

在湖泊富营养化评价指标体系中,同一指标的分级界点值差异很大,近似地呈现几何级数变化,同时各指标权重的选择与内涵存在不确定性,基于这两种认识,构建基于指标协调性和模糊权下的湖泊水质评价模型。对评价标准及待评价水质监测值进行对数变换,运用层次分析法求出指标的模糊权重;以此构造隶属函数,按最大隶属原则来评判地表水质量等级。应用此模型对巢湖西半湖水体进行富营养化识别,得出结果与生态评估结果基本一致。