Tidal salt marsh sediment in California, USA: part 3. Current and historic toxicity potential of contaminants and their bioaccumulation

To assess potential health risks to benthic organisms from exposure to toxic contaminants, sediment chemistry data from five salt marshes along the coast of California were compared with threshold effects levels (TELs) and probable effects levels (PELs). As an integrated estimate of toxicity potential of multiple contaminants, mean PEL quotients (mPELQs) were used to categorize sampling stations into three groups: high (>0.5), medium (0.1–0.5) and low (<0.1). In all sediments from Stege Marsh located in San Francisco Bay, at least one contaminant exceeded PELs by up to 18-fold and mPELQs were higher than 0.7. Mean PELQs in two core sediments from eastern Stege Marsh ranged from 0.7 to 2.1, indicating that benthic organisms in Stege Marsh may have been adversely affected for several decades. To investigate bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants in sediments, longjaw mudsuckers (Gillichthys mirabilis) were transplanted to six Stege Marsh stations for 60 days. Body burdens of organic contaminants clearly showed that they were readily available for benthic organisms. Measured concentrations of organic contaminants in mudsuckers were similar to estimated levels computed using a theoretical bioaccumulation potential model. Levels of PCBs and arsenic in mudsuckers were higher than screening values set as guidelines for the protection of humans and levels of PCBs and DDTs were higher than criteria for wildlife. The results of this study indicate that the levels of contaminants in Stege Marsh sediments may not fully support the well-being of benthic organisms and also may provoke adverse effects on fish-eating animals and humans through trophic transfer.     

水溶性暂堵剂HD的研制与评价

针对油田油水井暂堵防漏作业的需要,进行了暂堵剂HD的水溶性、分散性、粒径选择的室内实验,对不同渗透率岩心的暂堵效果及岩心动态模拟进行了评价。结果表明,该暂堵剂对0.45～3.04μm2的岩心的暂堵率大于98%,渗透率恢复值大于85%;温度升高时暂堵剂HD的暂堵率下降,温度升高至120℃时,暂堵率仍达到85%。     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake： A S-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions. However, it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. To elucidate relationships between them, in a eutrophic shallow lake, Taihu Lake, relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity. The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus （TP） played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons （i.e. temperature in winter, spring and summer; TP in spring, summer and autumn）; COD （chemical oxygen demand） and BOD （biological oxygen demand） presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring, summer and autumn. However, a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn, and conversely negative ones in summer. As the predatory factor, zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season. Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were obser,qed between phytoplankton biomass and pH, Trans （transparency of water） and DO. The results indicate that interactions between phyto：plankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity, which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability, and hence, advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

扎龙湿地南山湖沉积岩芯重金属污染特征及来源判别

选取扎龙湿地南部围湖造田、湖水养殖典型湖泊——南山湖为研究区,分析NSH2沉积岩芯中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Mn、Ag、Cu、Co、Fe和Zn这11种重金属元素总量的垂向分布特征,结合颗粒组成指标,采用主成分分析的方法,并辅以210Pbex测年数据,研究了自1829年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源及污染历史.结果表明：①近两百年以来沉积物沉积速率经历了由慢到快再到慢的过程,沉积历史与南山湖流域人类的生产活动和水土保持政策相吻合;②1957年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1957～1985年间存在小幅波动,1985年以后变化明显,其中Hg、Cd和Ag含量明显偏高;③NSH2沉积岩芯重金属污染来源以生活污水、化肥农药的流失以及煤与汽油等燃料的燃烧为主,其次是有机质降解、岩石风化和侵蚀,还存在工业排污源,贡献率分别为50.14%、19.90%和10.32%.南山湖重金属污染具有一定的潜在风险,在当地湖泊湿地污染治理中应予以足够的重视,此研究可为扎龙湿地湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料.     

一种可实现不同水深条件下采样的湖泊沉积物柱芯采样装置

沉积物柱芯采样器是一种广泛应用于生态环境研究的科研装备.在前人研究的基础上,我们研制了一套携带方便、操作简单、适用范围广、取样效果好的湖泊沉积物茬芯采样装置.通过组件的不同组合,该采样装置可实现不同水深条件下的沉积物柱芯采样,采集的沉积物厚度可达80～150 cm.该采样装置具有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、性能可靠的特点...     

多氯联苯降解菌Pseudomonas sp. DN2的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从长期受PCBs污染的土壤中经富集培养筛选分离到1株能以联苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的革兰氏阴性细菌DN2.经形态观察、16S rDNA序列分析和系统发育分析初步鉴定为Pseudomonas sp..对其联苯双加氧酶的bphA1基因核心区和2,3-二羟基联苯-1,2-双加氧酶活力进行了分析测定,结果表明该菌具有降解联苯/PCBs的相关基因存在.利用GC-MS测试该菌的静息细胞降解PCBs的能力表明,该菌株可以在3 d内显著而高效地降解Aroclor 1242总量的67%,其对Aroclor 1242中各单体同系物的降解率在30%～90%之间.这对PCBs污染场地的原位生物修复具有实际应用意义.     

岩溶区峰丛洼地植被指数的克里格分析

为了全面掌握岩溶区峰丛洼地植被指数(NDVI)的空间分布状况,解决岩溶区峰丛洼地遥感影像山体阴影区域NDVI信息"缺失"的问题,对广西平果县果化生态重建示范区内的典型峰丛洼地非阴影区域NDVI进行了提取.利用地统计学的方法对NDVI的空间结构特征进行了分析,并对山体阴影区的NDVI进行了预测与验证.结果表明,研究区域NDVI主要受到内在因子的作用,具有强烈的空间自相关性,自相关距离为300 m;Kriging插值结果表明,研究区域NDVI的均值为0.196,在空间分布上表现为条带状和斑块状分布,NDVI高值区域主要分布在峰丛坡度>25°的山体区域,低值区域主要分布在峰丛坡度<25°的山脚和洼地等区域;Kriging插值验证结果表明,研究区域NDVI具有非常高的预测精度,能很好地估计山体阴影区NDVI,为岩溶区生态环境监控、石漠化评估提供了新的思路与方法.     

基于冗余分析的典型喀斯特山区土壤-石漠化关系研究

通过对贵州西南部典型喀斯特山区植被调查与土壤样品分析,运用冗余分析（RDA）的手段研究土壤-石漠化关系.结果表明,喀斯特石漠化过程中,除土壤全磷、全钾和交换性钙由于受成土母质的影响变化规律不明显外,土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳、基础呼吸及土壤速效养分含量均呈明显下降趋势;RDA分析结果表明,不同石漠化类型与土壤因子相关性差异明显,总体表现为：未石漠化〉潜在石漠化〉轻度石漠化〉中度石漠化〉重度石漠化,且利用土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和容重作为石漠化过程中土壤指示因子,可解释74.4%的土壤-石漠化信息;另外,相关性分析结果表明,土壤养分因子在很大程度上受地上植被的影响,为此综合考虑地表植被的生态功能和土壤质量水平,认为花椒是喀斯特石漠化山区生态恢复较好的植被选择.     

长江口岸带柱状沉积物中磷的存在形态及其环境意义

通过对长江河口岸带柱状沉积物中P的分析，揭示了沉积物中P的存在形态和分布特征。柱状沉积物中P的存在形态主要有DP、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和OP等5种，其中以Ca-P（约占TP的28%-52%）和OP（约占TP的43%-68%）为主。研究发现，在近排污口的柱状沉积物中Al-P和有机碳（TOC）具有相似的变化趋势，具Al-P含量明显高于非排污口处的朝阳柱样，反映了柱状沉积物中各形态P的分布特征受人类活动的影响比较明显。此外，柱状沉积物中P的存在特征受沉积速率的影响显著。     

多溴联苯醚在电子废弃物拆卸地沉积物中的垂直分布

采用气相色谱质谱联用仪对采自清远电子废弃物拆卸地水库钻孔沉积物中的多溴联苯(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)进行了分析,调查其在沉积物中的垂直分布.结果表明,PBDEs在所有的样品中均检出,含量为0.43～141 ng/g,平均为9.26 ng/g.PBDEs在下层(16 cm以下)沉积物中含量较低、变化很小(0.43～2.30 ng/g),但在上层沉积物中含量明显增加(2.90～141 ng/g),反映了当地电子废弃物拆卸活动的影响;3种工业源的PBDEs,即五溴、八溴和十溴PBDEs,表现出相似的垂向分布趋势,说明其来源的一致性.其中,十溴PBDEs是最主要的PBDEs,平均占所有PBDEs的79.6%,其次是五溴PBDEs(14.7%),而八溴PBDEs所占比例最低(5.69%).3种PBDEs的组成模式显示,它们与相应的工业品PBDEs组成都有一定差异,可能因其降解行为不同所致.一些PBDE的同族体组成在沉积钻孔的垂直变化也进一步说明高溴代PBDE在沉积物的埋藏期间可能发生了降解,虽然还需要进一步研究证实.