Tracking historical lead pollution in the coastal area adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary using lead isotopic compositions

The rapid economic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China in the last three decades has had a significant impact on the environment of the East China Sea (ECS). Lead isotopic compositions of a ²¹⁰Pb dated sediment core collected from the coastal ECS adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary were analyzed to track the Pb pollution in the region. The baseline Pb concentration in the coastal ECS sediments before the industrialization in China was 32 μg g⁻¹, and the corresponding ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio was 1.195. The high-resolution profiles of Pb flux and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios had close relationships with the economic development and the history of the use of leaded gasoline in China, and they were clearly different from those of most European countries and United States.     

Mass balance and long-term fate of PCDD/Fs in a lagoon sediment and paddy soil, Niigata, Japan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in a sediment core and in samples of surface sediment and paddy soil collected from the Toyano lagoon and Kameda basin in Niigata, Japan, were analyzed to elucidate the temporal trends of their concentrations in the lagoon sediment and the relationship between the sediment and the paddy soil. The mass balance of these pollutants was also estimated to determine their long-term fate in surface waters. An analysis by chemical mass balance identified the agrochemicals pentachlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether as the major sources of PCDD/Fs. On the basis of the findings regarding the mass balance in the Kameda basin over the last 40 years, we estimate that more than half the input of PCDD/Fs to the Kameda basin has disappeared. We suggest that the PCDD/Fs that flowed out from the paddy fields have been transferred to the lower basin.     

昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区面临的问题与对策

昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区存在着土地权属、资源保护与开发矛盾、经费不足和管理执法力量薄弱等诸多现实问题.因此,结合保护区概况,提出发展生态旅游,解决土地权属、协调资源保护与开发关系和实施社区共管等方式等可行性对策与措施.     

钢丝绳芯输送带接头硫化工艺安全管理

介绍了钢丝绳芯输送带接头硫化的有关工艺规程 ,提出了确保接头硫化质量的安全施工措施 ,并进行了具体的应用实践 ,对于防止接头硫化质量不高而带来的重大接头断裂隐患具有一定的现实指导意义     

云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

空气污染对中老年人认知能力的影响

利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用两阶段最小二乘法评估了空气污染对我国中老年人认知能力的影响及其传导路径,并进一步分析了不同类型污染物的影响差异性.研究发现:空气污染与中老年人的认知能力显著负相关,且通过一系列稳健性检验表明研究结果具有稳健性;机制分析与异质性分析显示,空气污染通过影响个人的情绪和状态、运动、社交活动、健康和记忆力来间接影响其认知能力,且空气污染对年长者、女性、有不良健康行为以及社会经济地位较低人群的认知能力负面影响更大;进一步研究发现,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、CO具有显著的认知功能折旧效应.本文聚焦于我国空气污染和人口老龄化问题,识别了空气污染对我国居民认知能力的潜在健康影响,这在一定程度上为国家健康环境治理和实现健康老龄化提供了现实依据和政策借鉴.     

基于wavelet-SVM的PM10浓度时序数据预测

太原是以煤炭为主要能源的重工业城市,PM_(10)(particulate matter)是太原市的主要大气污染物,因此研究其变化趋势,并给出污染物浓度预测结果,为相关部门进行大气污染防治,为突发污染事件应急提供理论支持是一项非常重要的工作.支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)应用于PM_(10)污染物浓度时序数据预测时,表现出良好的泛化能力.在预测模型建立过程中通常选择历史数据作为学习模型的输入特征,然而这样的数据表示形式,结构单一,信息表达不完备,在很大程度上将影响预测模型的泛化能力.本文以山西省太原市城区4个监测站点的PM_(10)日浓度数据为研究数据,通过小波变换(wavelet transform)将一维输入数据转化为由低频信息和高频信息构成的高维数据,并以该数据为输入数据建立wavelet-SVM预测模型.结果表明,相较于传统SVM模型预测,wavelet-SVM模型预测结果具有更高的精度,尤其能更加准确捕捉到PM_(10)浓度突变点,为大气污染预警提供有效信息支持,并且wavelet-SVM模型对于PM_(10)浓度时序数据变化趋势的预测精度有明显提升,能更好地预测PM_(10)浓度变化趋势,揭示PM_(10)浓度时序数据内在规律.     

我国水务企业核心竞争力的探讨

我国的水务市场正处于快速发展阶段,本土水务企业的发展面临着巨大的竞争压力。本文通过对企业核心竞争力理论的梳理,结合我国特殊国情和发达国家水务企业的发展经验,对我国水务企业核心竞争力的构成进行了探讨,并指出在现阶段,水务企业的运营与服务能力、各类资源的整合能力、技术创新能力以及政策与市场的应变能力是决定水务企业竞争优势的主要构成要素。     

Human Adaptation to Work in Two Different Climates

The processes of acclimation to hot-dry and to warm-humid climates were studied using two approaches: a quantitative analysis of literature data and an experimental study in the laboratory concerning the physiological parameters of heart rate, rectal temperature, sweat loss, and subjective assessment.

Analysis o f literature data: Data from 62 experiments with a total of 813 participants were pooled and recalculated. The experiments ranged from 6 to 24 days, air temperatures from 30.4 to 50.0°C, water vapor pressures from 1.5 to 6.5 kPa, and wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) from 27.4 to 38.6°C.

Laboratory studies: In the laboratory, 8 participants were acclimated during 15 consecutive days to a hot-dry climate and to a warm-humid climate, which were equivalent in terms of the WBGT (33.5 and 33.6°C, respectively). The participants walked four times for 25 min on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h. The hot-dry climate caused somewhat greater strain than the warm-humid condition. In the course of acclimation to the hot-dry climate, heart rate and rectal temperature started at higher levels, decreased slightly steeper but remained on a higher level throughout. Nevertheless, the differences between both thermal conditions were small, and both physiologic functions reached the point of acclimation almost at the same time under warm-humid and under hot-dry exposure. Sweat loss, which is not regarded as a valid predictor for acclimation, was considerably higher but increased less in the hot-dry than in the warm-humid climate.