赤泥复合剂絮凝处理太湖水华藻与海洋赤潮藻

研究了一种新型赤泥复合剂对太湖夏季水华原水、实验室培养海洋赤潮藻及模拟海水的絮凝除藻降浊性能。结果表明,赤泥复合剂具有良好的除藻降浊效果,对太湖水华藻去除率为97.3%,原水浊度去除率为95%;对海洋小球藻和三角褐指藻2种赤潮藻去除率分别高达99.1%和98.9%;对2种模拟海水的最高除浊率分别为96.3%和95.3%,其剩余浊度均低于4 NTU,从而为治理淡水水华与海洋赤潮提供一种新技术,同时为赤泥综合利用提供一种新途径。     

底泥悬浮对营养盐释放和水华生长影响的模拟

通过室内模拟实验研究了扰动引起的太湖底泥悬浮对水体氮磷营养盐和蓝藻水华的影响,其中底泥和上覆水均来自太湖,扰动强度以悬浮物浓度表示。实验监测了底泥扰动过程中以及扰动停止后48 h之内水体氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a的变化,采样间隔为6 h。实验结果表明,扰动明显增加了水体中总氮、总磷、活性磷等含量,但是可溶性无机氮的增加不明显,叶绿素a含量没有出现明显的增长。水华没有出现明显增长很可能是氮限制的原因。由此推测太湖一次风浪扰动过程引起的底泥营养盐释放不一定就能够加剧蓝藻水华的暴发。底泥中释放的营养盐对蓝藻水华的影响需要进一步研究     

藻源可溶有机质对17β-雌二醇生物降解的影响

为探究藻源可溶有机质(COM)及其生物老化过程对湖泊水体中17β-雌二醇(E2)生物降解的影响特征,通过模拟生物老化,得到5种不同生物活性的COM样品:S0(78％)>S1(67％)>S2(36％)>S3(13％)>S4(1％).结果表明,经过60h的避光培养实验,相同浓度(8mgC/L)的COM样品均提高了微生物群落...     

环境一号卫星CCD数据在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测中的应用

利用环境一号卫星(HJ-1)CCD数据,对太湖水华进行遥感监测,并比对同时相的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据。结果表明,HJ-1星CCD数据具有优于EOS/MODIS数据的蓝藻水华识别能力,并有良好抗云层干扰能力,适合用于太湖蓝藻水华应急监测。     

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测综合系统的构建

近年来随着浅水型湖泊的富营养化进程不断加快,蓝藻水华暴发现象也频繁出现,采用科学、全面的手段对太湖蓝藻暴发进行预警十分必要。根据太湖蓝藻预警监测中使用的现场巡视、卫星遥感、实验室分析、自动监测等监测技术手段,分别建立各自监测系统,结合各监测系统特点和相互关系,对太湖蓝藻水华预警监测综合系统的构建进行了探讨,以期能够更好地开展太湖蓝藻水华预警监测工作,为确保太湖地区饮用水安全,提高环保部门应对太湖蓝藻水华暴发的能力,为政府决策提供技术支持和保障。     

Tiny Stowaways: Analyzing the Economic Benefits of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Regulating Ballast Water Discharges

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome. Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied, despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico, to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’ ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality. We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

Pre-oxidation enhanced cyanobacteria removal in drinking water treatment: A review

Cyanobacterial bloom has many adverse effects on source water quality and drinking water production. The traditional water treatment process can hardly achieve satisfactory removal of algae cells. This review examines the impact of pre-oxidation on the removal of cyanobacteria by solid-liquid separation processes. It was reported that the introduction of chemical oxidants such as chlorine, potassium permanganate, and ozone in algae-laden water pretreatment could improve algae removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes. However, over dosed oxidants can result in more serious water quality risks due to significant algae cell lysis and undesirable intracellular organic matter release. It was suggested that moderate pre-oxidation may enhance the removal of cyanobacteria without damaging algae cells. In this article, effects of moderate pretreatment on the solid-liquid separation processes (sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, and membrane filtration) are reviewed.     

Interrelations of Epibiontic Microalgae and Crustacean Zooplankton under Conditions of a Blooming Eutrophic Water Body

The possibility of symbiotic, mutualistic (++) interrelations between epibiontic microalgae (Characidiopsis ellipsoidea, Colacium vesiculosum) and cyclopoids (Cyclops vicinus, Mesocyclops leukarti) in the Bugach recreational reservoir with a bloom of cyanobacteria is demonstrated. Overgrown cyclopoids, compared to those free from microalgae, have advantages in oxygen supply, which may be insufficient in the period of intensive algal bloom. Calculations have shown that oxygen requirements of cyclopoids may be fully satisfied due to C. vesiculosum photosynthetic activity in the dysphotic zone if the density of overgrowth exceeds 1000 algal cells per individual. There is no significant correlation between the natural mortality of crustaceans and the indices of their overgrowth by microalgae.     

Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

Quantification of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations during the 2009 and 2010 blooms in Lake Taihu using quantitative real-time PCR

Lake Taihu, a large, shallow hypertrophic freshwater lake in eastern China, has experienced lake-wide toxic cyanobacterial blooms annually during summer season in the past decades. Spatial changes in the abundance of hepatotoxin microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations were investigated in the lake in August of 2009 and 2010. To monitor the densities of the total Microcystis population and the potential microcystin-producing subpopulation, we used a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyD), respectively. On the basis of quantification by real-time PCR analysis, the abundance of potential toxic Microcystis genotypes and the ratio of the mcyD subpopulation to the total Microcystis varied significantly, from 4.08× 10⁴ to 5.22× 10⁷ copies/mL, from 5.7% to 65.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between chlorophyll-a, toxic Microcystis and total Microcystis; the abundance of toxic Microcystis correlated positively with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations, but negatively with TN:TP ratio and nitrate concentrations. Meanwhile the proportion of potential toxic genotypes within Microcystis population showed positive correlation with total phosphorus and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Our data suggest that increased phosphorus loading may be a significant factor promoting the occurrence of toxic Microcystis bloom in Lake Taihu.