Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing, 2012

The characteristics of water-soluble ions in airborne particulate matter in Beijing were investigated using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total concentrations of ions were 83.7 ± 48.9 μg/m³ in spring, 54.0 ± 17.0 μg/m³ in summer, 54.1 ± 42.9 μg/m³ in autumn, and 88.8 ± 47.7 μg/m³ in winter, respectively. Furthermore, out of all the ions, NO₃⁻, SO₄^2 − and NH₄⁺ accounted for 81.2% in spring, 78.5% in summer, 74.6% in autumn, and 76.3% in winter. Mg^2 + and Ca^2 + were mainly associated with coarse particles, with a peak that ranged from 5.8 to 9.0 μm. Na⁺, NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻ had a multi-mode distribution with peaks that ranged from 0.43 to 1.1 μm and 4.7 to 9.0 μm. K⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄^2 − were mainly associated with fine particles, with a peak that ranged from 0.65 to 2.1 μm. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg^2 +, Ca^2 +, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄^2 − were 2.69, 2.32, 1.01, 4.84, 16.9, 11.8, 42.0, and 44.1 μg/m³ in particulate matter (PM) on foggy days, respectively, which were 1.4 to 7.3 times higher than those on clear days. The concentrations of these ions were 2.40, 1.66, 0.92, 4.95, 17.5, 7.00, 32.6, and 34.7 μg/m³ in PM on hazy days, respectively, which were 1.2–5.7 times higher than those on clear days.     

济南市秋末冬初大气颗粒物和气体污染物污染水平及来源

2009年11月23日─12月7日在济南市区对PM2.5、BC(黑碳)和污染物(SO2、NOx、NO、NO2和CO)进行实时监测与分析.观测期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别为171μg/m3、54.3×10-9和107×10-9.其中,φ(SO2)与GB 3095─1996《环境空气质量标准》日标准值相当,φ(NOx)是标准的2.2倍,ρ(PM2.5)是美国环境空气质量标准(35μg/m3)的4.89倍.污染事件期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别达到222μg/m3、74.4×10-9和158×10-9,是非污染期间的1.78、1.67和1.77倍.观测期间SO2主要来源于燃煤排放.在11月25─26日的污染事件中,NOx、BC和PM2.5主要来源于机动车尾气排放,除局地源外,东北风经过济南东北部工业区时也将污染物传输到采样点;而在12月1─2日的污染事件中,以静风为主,污染物积聚,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,PM2.5除了一次污染物,很可能包含一定比例的二次污染物.在非污染事件中,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,部分NOx很可能来源于燃煤排放,而PM2.5主要来源于一次源排放.     

大气环境影响评价中典型气象日的确定及其应用

对某地区多年气象资料进行统计和分析,给出大气环境影响评价中典型气象日的确定方法。结合高架点源影响浓度的实例计算,可以方便地得到典型气象日条件下大气污染物的日平均浓度分布情况,能够更为真实地反映该地区的实际气象条件对大气污染物分布浓度的影响情况。     

Religious narratives and their implications for disaster risk reduction

The role of religious factors in the disaster experience has been under‐investigated. This is despite evidence of their influence throughout the disaster cycle, including: the way in which the event is interpreted; how the community recovers; and the strategies implemented to reduce future risk. This qualitative study examined the role of faith in the disaster experience of four faith communities in the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. Twenty‐six individuals from the Bahá'í, Buddhist, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (LDS), and United Methodist Church communities participated, including 10 faith leaders and 16 laypersons. The results suggest that religious narratives provide a framework for interpretation of, preparedness for, and responses to disasters. Preparedness varied widely across faith communities, with the LDS community reporting greater levels of preparedness than other communities. Recommendations include the development of collaborative efforts between disaster managers and faith leaders to increase preparedness within faith communities, which may facilitate community‐wide disaster risk reduction.     

Fish consumption reduces transfer of BDE47 from dam to murine offspring

Fish and seafood are important contributions to a healthy diet, but also contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Discrepancies have been found between intake and accumulated levels of POPs, where fish consumers have had similar levels of POPs to the general population. Similarly fish oil consumption has been found to reduce accumulation of POPs. This study examined the accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in mice fed diets with different nutritional composition, using female mice with pre-weanling pups exposed through gestation and lactation. A fish-based diet was compared to a standard casein-based rodent diet. All diets had low background levels of environmental contaminants and were spiked with BDE47 or PCB153 to levels representing a realistic (∼0.004 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d) or a high dietary exposure (∼1.3 μmol kgbw⁻¹ d). Accumulation of BDE47 or PCB153 in offspring tissues after 18 d lactation reflected the maternal exposure levels. However, the pups of dams fed a fish-based diet had consistently lower BDE47 accumulation in liver, fat and stomach than pups from casein-fed dams. Similarly the pups of dams fed a high dose of PCB153 in a fish diet also accumulated less PCB153 than pups of the dams fed a casein diet, although not significant. In conclusion, the fish based diets seemed to reduce transfer of BDE47 and PCB153 from dams to pups. The study highlights that in-depth knowledge about nutritional impact on toxicokinetics is of great interest to vulnerable consumers.     

基于职业病报告数据的监测预警系统设计

为了对单病种职业病的预防控制水平、某类职业病的预防控制水平进行动态评估和决策,运用信息监测预警的基本原理和理论,整理分析职业病报告数据,提出基于职业病报告的监测预警指标体系,构建出基于职业病报告数据的监测预警体系和运行模式。通过该监测预警系统的运行,可以科学的判断出应重点控制的职业病种（发病率高、发病工龄短、潜伏期短、病死率高、后果严重的职业病）,应重点控制的高危地区、高危行业、高危工种、高危人群,针对具体职业病病种应重点控制的影响因素等。     

空中交通管制团队人误的分类及致因研究

复杂社会技术系统通常以团队方式运行,认识与预防团队人误是控制安全风险的重要途径。研究采用威胁与差错管理(TEM)的研究框架,以某空管运行自愿报告系统2004年全年数据为样本源,分析团队人误的流程与致因,统计发现团队人误占总体空管人误的31%。团队发现和指出错误后仍不能有效纠正错误的比例达到8%。根据样本统计并结合典型团队人误的案例,确认了空管团队人误的主要类型和分布情况以及团队行为促成因素(PSF)的框架及重要性排序,其中缺乏交流是团队人误的最常见PSF,报告样本量出现率达47.1%。最后,从组织文化建设、团队管理、标准操作程序、培训等方面提出了减少团队人误的建议。     

对造船业海洋环境影响报告的剖析

《中华人民共和国防治海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》颁布实施以来,对各评估单位进行环境评审的工作起了指导性作用,但在实施过程中,评估单位对《海洋环境影响报告》编制格式的理解偏差而造成某些章节所论述的内容与标题意图不符,或论述分析不够全面等问题。本文通过对《海洋环境影响报告》编制格式的剖析,提出了一些建议与看法以供各相关单位参考。     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents＇ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society.In China,the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas.This study aimed to measure rural residents' subjective well-being(SWB) through the day reconstruction method,as well as to analyze SWB's influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods.The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%,indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time.Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0,with the average value being 47%,indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time.The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents.Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors,including age,education,county,household size,generation number,per capita income,migration status and social networking,which significantly affected rural residents' SWB.The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

网络环境下的图书馆读者调查——燕山大学图书馆读者调查报告

通过对燕山大学图书馆读者进行调查和分析,了解读者对该馆各项服务工作的满意程度,对各项服务方式的需求及各种文献信息资源利用的特点,明确今后图书馆工作的重点和方向。