不同类型凋落物对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过实验室凋落物培养试验,对南京紫金山地区4种典型植被凋落物的分解差异进行了比较研究.结果表明,含凋落物土壤有机碳矿化包含快速分解和缓慢分解2个过程,前者日均分解量大持续时间短,后者与之相反.4种含凋落物土壤在培养初期矿化速率迅速达到最大,大小依次为狗牙根凋落物土壤(CK+BMD) (23.88±0.62) mg·d^-1、马尾松凋落物土壤(CK+PML)(17.93±0.99) mg·d^-1、麻栎凋落物土壤(CK+QAC) (15.39±0.16) mg·d-1和青冈栎凋落物土壤(CK+CGO)(7.26±0.34) mg·d^-1,相互间差异均达到显著水平(p<0.05),此顺序与凋落物初始化学元素组成关系不明显.培养3个月,含凋落物土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别为：(CK+BMD)(338.21±6.99) mg、 (CK+QAC)(323.48±13.68) mg、 (CK+PML)(278.34±13.91) mg和(CK+CGO) (245.21±4.58) mg.从凋落物自身分解率分析,4种凋落物在培养期间共释放了198.17～297.18 mg的CO₂-C,占到加入凋落物中有机碳总量的20.29%～31.70%.对有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量变化趋势分析后发现,乘幂曲线模型能很好地描述其变化,且相关性较好.     

铝合金极板表面涂覆Mn催化剂及其对臭氧的分解

静电式空气净化器工作时会产生臭氧,因此,可通过在极板表面涂覆臭氧分解催化剂以实现对臭氧的原位分解。研究了6061型铝合金极板表面涂覆Mn基催化剂时,活性组分、粘结剂、反应时间和环境条件等因素对催化分解臭氧性能的影响。结果表明：在实际应用相适应的条件下,臭氧可实现原位高效分解;催化剂构成是影响臭氧分解的关键因素,Ag修饰可使MnO₂催化分解臭氧效率提高约50%,但粘结剂的存在会导致催化分解臭氧效率下降;臭氧分解效率随入口臭氧浓度升高或空气湿度增大略有下降。本研究结果可为静电式空气净化器同时实现除尘提效与臭氧控制提供参考。     

甲基紫试验中改性双基推进剂的热分解机制研究

目的 研究甲基紫试验中含Al改性双基推进剂以及含RDX改性双基推进剂2种典型改性双基推进剂的热分解机理。方法 将这2种典型改性双基推进剂与普通双基推进剂进行对比试验,采用TG-DSC-FTIR-MS联用技术,通过对分解温度、放热量、分解产物等特征参数进行分析,明确3种推进剂的非等温热分解行为。采用微热量热法,在与甲基紫试验相同温度下对3种推进剂进行等温热分解行为研究。结果 含Al改性双基推进剂在程序升温条件下的热质量损失和热分解行为与普通双基推进剂的基本一致。含RDX改性双基推进剂中的NG较其他2种推进剂更易挥发,相应分解反应初期NG分解释放的NO2较少,且在整个热分解反应历程中分2个阶段,含硝酸酯基团的NC/NG体系先分解,再引起硝铵炸药RDX的热分解。在等温条件下,3种推进剂在40 min对应的反应深度均不超过0.4%,5 h对应的反应深度均不超过3%。但在分解反应初期,含Al改性双基推进剂分解反应的速率更快。结论 对比不同推进剂甲基紫安定性试验结果,并不是甲基紫试纸完全变色时间越长的热安定越好,说明甲基紫安定性试验方法存在一定的局限性。采用分解反应深度作为量气和量热方法转换的纽带,有望采用微热量热作为甲基紫试验的替代技术实现安定性的定量评价。     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.     

介质阻挡放电和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物

依据介质阻挡放电(DBD)和溶液吸收处理气态污染物的原理,设计出一种DBD和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的实验装置.研究其对甲苯的降解效果.考察了放电电压、甲苯初始浓度、模拟废气流量对甲苯降解效果的影响.分析了DBD和水吸收的相互作用.结果表明.DBD和水吸收联合可以提高甲苯的降解率.在放电电压为15.9 kV时甲苯的降解率为81.5%.比单独放电时提高了13.3百分点;甲苯的降解率随着放电电压增大而升高,随着气体流量和甲苯初始浓度增大而降低.该技术可以作为放电等离子体前处理工艺,为高效处理上业废气提供参考.     

Solubility and calorimetric study of the effects of gas environment on the decomposition of o-nitrobenzoyl chloride

When ortho-nitrated benzoic acids are chlorinated in xylene and acetonitrile, the product gases, HCl and SO₂, dissolve in the solvent mixture. Previously measured solubilities [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004a). o-Chlorination of 2-nitrobenzoic acid with thionly chloride in xylene and acetonitrile. Solubility study of hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide in xylene and acetonitrile, IChemE transactions part B. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 48–60.] were compared to other published data and found to be in very good agreement. The heat of solution of SO₂ in xylene was evaluated calorimetrically and compared to the value obtained from our previous experimental work. In our previous work [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004b). Study of condition-dependent decomposition reactions—the thermal behaviour and decomposItion of 2-nitrobenzoyl chloride part_I. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 115; pp. 91–100], it was reported that the products of the decomposition are condition dependent. The current study showed that the decomposition is extensively promoted by the presence of HCl. This has important safety implications should the process operating temperature be reduced and HCl solution in the solvent mixture be increased. If a thermal runaway began in the increased availability of HCl, an undesirable escalation of the runaway could occur.     

Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of alkylpyridines: Runaway scenarios studies

A number of runaway scenarios of the excess of hydrogen peroxide used during the N-oxidation of alkylpyridines, under closed and open conditions, were examined. It was found that, in most cases, if the volume of the liquid hydrogen peroxide solution occupies more than 10% of the total volume of a closed system (e.g. reactor and vent line between reactor and blockage), the production of gases raises the pressure so quickly that evaporation is completely suppressed. Higher than 70% filling levels result in complete expansion of the liquid. The MTSR(t) of the system falls rapidly if the normal process temperature is high, but if a runaway occurs exactly at the end of dosing, MTST will be very high and secondary decompositions will rapidly develop. The results of this study are currently being used to critically assess the current approaches and further the study of inherently safer designs.     

基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法研究

现有的变压器故障诊断方法较为复杂且计算冗余度较高,在高压变频器的功率单元频繁发生故障时难以高效地检测故障。为此,提出基于迭代退火算法的高压变频器功率单元频繁故障诊断方法。采用小波包分解方法提取高压变频器功率单元的电压信号特征熵,将该特征熵输入到支持向量机模型。使用迭代退火算法优化支持向量机的训练参数,并输出诊断结果。研究结果表明：该方法提取的高压变频器单元故障的平均冗余度最低至3.2%,平均诊断时间为15.1 ms,可实现高压变频器功率单元频繁故障的高效诊断。     

基于EEMD-LSTM模型的尾矿库风险预测模型研究

为了提高尾矿库风险预警能力,针对尾矿库稳定性受多种风险因素影响,以及风险变化的非线性,提出1种融合集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和长短期记忆(LSTM)的尾矿库风险预测模型。首先,采用皮尔逊相关系数分析尾矿库风险因素之间的相关性;然后,使用EEMD方法分解非线性的位移序列;最后,构建LSTM网络模型预测位移变化。以某尾矿库为例,将EEMD-LSTM模型与EEMD-BP模型、LSTM模型对比分析,评估模型的有效性。研究结果表明：EEMD-LSTM模型对尾矿库风险的预测精度明显提高,对防范化解尾矿库安全风险具有重要意义。     

过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性研究

为研究过氧丙酸分解反应的失控泄放特性,利用泄放模式实验装置对过氧丙酸在不同泄放口径和泄放压力下的顶部和底部的泄放过程进行了试验模拟,得到了过氧丙酸的失控特性参数和不同条件下的泄放特征。结果表明:过氧丙酸失控反应泄放易出现二次峰值现象,初次峰值为气相泄放,二次峰值为气液两相泄放;二次峰值的出现取决于泄放口径及泄放时的物料温度,与泄放压力无关;恒压泄放容易出现非平衡泄放,导致较高最大累积压力和较高的釜内物料温度;底部泄放能够使釜内物料快速排空。