中国能源消费碳排放变化的驱动因素研究

将DEA中基于能源投入的Shephard距离函数引入到LMDI分解模型中,建立了1995~2010年中国6大产业能源消费碳排放7因素分解模型.研究结果显示, 产业结构效应、经济产出效应、人口规模效应、能源绩效效应对碳排放的增加具有一定的拉动作用,其中经济产出效应的累积贡献率最大为135%,产业结构效应、人口规模效应、能源绩效效应对碳排放累积贡献率分别为10.74%、9.39%、0.65%;潜在能源强度效应对碳排放下降的累积贡献率最大为54.6%,说明产业能源强度的调整空间较大,且抑制效应逐年增强;能源结构效应、能源技术进步效应对我国碳减排的累积贡献率分别为0.2%和1.04%,贡献微弱,亟待提高;从产业层面研究发现,农林牧渔业、建筑业、批发零售和住宿餐饮业和其他行业的低碳发展较好,工业、交通运输仓储和邮政业低碳发展不佳,工业始终是我国碳排放的主要来源.     

中美贸易间隐含的大气污染物排放估算

随着中国能源消耗和国际贸易的快速增长,中国国际贸易尤其是中美贸易对气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注,但国际贸易对于大气污染的影响却鲜见系统研究. 基于环境投入产出法和结构分解分析法,采用基于技术的、自下而上的大气污染物排放清单,探讨了中美贸易隐含的大气污染物排放问题. 结果表明:由于中国对美国出口贸易顺差较大且商品污染物排放强度较高,造成了中国对美国的出口贸易隐含着较大的污染物排放逆差. 2007年中国对美国出口贸易隐含的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5的排放逆差分别为174.26×104、131.15×104和46.88×104t. 有行业针对性的污染物减排措施可以降低中美贸易隐含的污染物排放量;1997—2007年污染物燃烧排放因子和非燃烧直接排放强度的下降就可使出口贸易隐含的SO₂和PM_2.5排放量降低96.41%和226.26%. 占出口份额最高的机械类制造品的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5排放强度分别为72.63、58.38和20.74t/108元,低于所有出口商品的污染物排放强度的平均值, 中国应加强这种高附加值、低污染物排放的商品出口.      

我国煤矿行业安全生产预警指数模型研究

采用1982-2012年的煤矿安全生产指标数据资料,应用Hodrick-Prescott滤波法对其进行趋势分解,分析了我国煤矿安全生产的长期发展趋势和周期规律,采用安全生产指标的同比指数作为预警指数,应用二次指数平滑法对预警指数进行短期预测,并设定了预警指数模型的警限和警度,最终建立了煤矿安全生产预警指数模型。模型的运行结果表明,煤矿事故死亡人数、较大以上事故起数、煤矿百万吨死亡率和煤矿综合安全水平在今后5年内趋势向好,但仍有上下波动的可能。预警指数模型的建立及其运算结果对煤矿行业安全生产对策措施的制定有一定的指导意义。     

Catalytic decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

In this study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were decomposed by low‐temperature heat treatment with metallic catalyst, and with metallic catalyst and a hydrogen source. Of the catalysts used, iron (Fe) was the most active catalyst for the decomposition of PCBs, and the decomposition was due to dechlorination. The addition of hydrogen sources accelerated the decomposition of PCBs in the presence of catalyst. Surface analysis of the catalyst using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested that the emitted chlorine was presumed to form metal chloride. The reactions of each homolog can be expressed by a successive first‐order reaction model. This means that a substituted chlorine is successively detached during this reaction. The overall decomposition rate in this reaction system was controlled by that of the lower chlorinated homologs. The decomposition rates with Fe and NaBH₄ for the lower chlorinated homologs were about 10 times as fast as the rates with only Fe.     

二氧化硫脲自热危险性的研究

为评价二氧化硫脲的自热特性,采用同步热分析仪STA和化学品恒温试验箱对其热分解过程进行了研究。考察了质量为250g的样品在温度为100℃、120℃、140℃、160℃、180℃、200℃的自热特性,并考察了质量分别为50g、75g、100g、150g、200g、400g、600g、800g的样品在温度100℃条件下的自热特性。结果表明,二氧化硫脲的分解温度为1250℃,分解热为6013J/g,最大放热速率418mW/mg;二氧化硫脲的自热过程是一个热分解过程,自热最低起始温度为95℃,峰值温度最小为2015℃,且与质量呈函数关系;试验发现现有的自热试验标准或测试方法对二氧化硫脲危险性的划分存在一定的缺陷,建议以样品起始自热温度为基准到样品的峰值温差来判定其是否发生自热。     

The Mediterranean intertidal habitat as a natural laboratory to study climate change drivers of geographic patterns in marine biodiversity

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

Regulation of soil enzyme activities in constructed wetlands under a short-term drying period

The activities of extracellular enzymes are important in understanding decomposition of soil organic matter in wetlands subjecting to drying. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase), and related physicochemical parameters were monitored in constructed freshwater wetlands during a one-month drying manipulation. Drying increased redox potential and decreased soil water content significantly (P<0.05). Higher content of soil organic matter (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of inorganic N (nitrate, P<0.01; and ammonia, P<0.001) were also observed significantly under drying condition. Soil hydrolase enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (β-glucosidase, P<0.05; N-acetylglucosaminidase, P<0.01; and phosphatase, P<0.001), and a two-phase pattern of enzyme activities was revealed under drying condition. The increase of soil enzyme activities under drying condition was significantly related to soil redox potential (P<0.001). Drying strongly affected soil enzyme activities only when soil water content remained above an optimal level for enzymatic catalysis (higher than 23% w/w), corresponding to redox potentials below 250–300 mV. Our results suggest that, under drying condition, potential enzyme activities may be regulated by redox potential, in respect to soil moisture, and consequently alter nutrient availability in wetlands.     

挥发性有机物处理新技术的研究

随着VOCs处理要求的不断提高,新型的VOCs处理技术日益受到关注。详细分析了生物法、光催化氧化法以及等离子体催化氧化法VOCs处理新技术的研究进展。高效微生物的筛选、新型生物填充材料的研究使生物法VOCs处理更加实用;光催化剂的表面改性有助于防止催化剂钝化,保证光催化系统的长期稳定运行;等离子体催化氧化VOCs过程中能耗的降低以及副产物的控制将是下一步研究的重点。     

过氧化甲乙酮的热危险性研究

为研究过氧化甲乙酮(MEKPO)在运输与储存中的热危险性,利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对质量分数为52%的MEKPO溶液(以2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇二异丁酸酯为溶剂)进行测试,得到其起始分解温度T0约为40℃,比放热量ΔH约为1.24 kJ/g。运用加速量热仪(ARC)对3种MEKPO溶液(40%,45%和52%)及MEKPO纯品(化学纯)在绝热条件下进行了热分解测试,并在此基础上,借助Semenov热爆炸模型,计算得到上述样品在50 kg包件下的自加速分解温度(TSADT)分别为65.64,63.72,55.88和51.17℃。研究结果表明,加入稀释稳定剂是降低MEKPO热危险性的有效途径,且MEKPO混合物中其质量分数越大,其危险性越高。     

偶氮二异丁腈热安全性分析与评估

为获得偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在各种热应力条件下的危险参数,通过简化的压力容器试验测试AIBN的热分解激烈性等级,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热量热仪(ARC)对AIBN的热分解过程进行研究,用动力学与热稳定性分析软件AKTS计算动力学参数在整个反应进程中的变化情况,并根据ARC测试结果推算自加速分解温度(TSADT)。结果表明:AIBN的热分解激烈性为Ⅱ类,易呈现爆炸特性;其初始分解温度和TSADT很低,分别约为78℃和61℃,且分解放热过程和熔融吸热过程同时发生。因此,在AIBN的生产、使用、贮存和运输等过程中应加强温度监控,并根据实际情况采取降温措施。