Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: Formation potential and integrated toxicity

The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials(FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products(DBPs)(including carbonaceous DBPs(C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs(I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment(coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon(O_3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles(HANs)》haloacetamides(HAMs) haloacetic acids(HAAs) trihalomethanes(THMs) halonitromethanes(HNMs) 》I-DBPs(I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.     

大冶湖表层水和沉积物中重金属污染特征与风险评价

于2014年4月采集大冶湖表层水和表层沉积物,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其重金属含量,并基于健康风险评价模型和潜在生态风险指数法开展表层水和沉积物重金属污染的潜在健康风险和生态风险评价.结果表明,表层水和沉积物重金属(Ni、Cd、Cu和Pb)含量平均值分别为49.27、2.19、12.18、12.13μg·L~(-1)和78.46、77.13、650.13、134.22 mg·kg~(-1).富集系数显示,Cd、Cu和Pb均为重度富集,尤其是Cd累积最为明显.与国内典型湖泊重金属污染相比,表层水和沉积物中重金属元素含量均相对较高.表层水和沉积物重金属元素均表现为湖湾处含量较高,中部含量较均匀的分布规律,其来源主要受多种人为活动污染.环境风险评价显示,重金属类化学物质通过饮水途径产生健康风险范围为9.77E-08~1.63E-05 a-1,Ni和Cd是水环境健康风险的优先管理对象.沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险高低为CdCuPbNi,其中Cd是生态风险的贡献元素.     

北方高盐景观水体氮磷时空分布特征及富营养化评价

为掌握北方高盐景观水体的水环境状况,选取天津市中新生态城3个景观水体(清净湖、蓟运河和蓟运河故道)为研究对象,于2013年12月—2014年11月对其进行定期取样监测,开展水体氮磷污染特征分析及富营养化评价。结果表明:1)蓟运河、清净湖和蓟运河故道的TDS均值分别为3.42,4.64,20.2 g/L,属于高盐景观水体;2)水体TN和TP浓度逐月变化显著,水质整体上冬春季优于夏秋季,其中蓟运河TP和TN的浓度最大,且波动较大;3)根据TN/TP比值判定,研究区水体除清净湖在短时间表现为氮限制外,水体大部分时间段内表现为磷限制,P为主要限制因子;4)富营养化评价表明:水体均处于富营养状态,且有蓟运河蓟运河故道清净湖;5)相关性结果表明:TDS与电导率、水温及EI呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.905、0.822和0.645,盐度也是影响富营养化的关键因素。     

岩溶地区隧道施工对水环境影响评价指标体系的建立

随着人们环保意识的不断提高,交通隧道施工期对周边水环境的影响也日益受到关注。针对岩溶地区隧道的施工特点建立了隧道施工期对水环境影响的评价指标体系。该体系研究了施工中含污废水排放对地表水体污染以及地下水疏排给隧道周边水资源流失两方面进行评价;指标体系各层指标数量随施工进展与现场情况变化进行增减,以满足施工期不断变化情况对水环境影响大小的准确评估;该指标体系充分考虑到"木桶理论"的原理,明确施工过程中对水环境影响最严重环节,有助于及时采取保护措施。     

滇西北高原湖泊剑湖演变过程及其生态环境效应分析

以滇西北高原湖泊剑湖为研究区,1974—2015年间8期遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,研究剑湖湖泊近40年间的时空演变过程,探析剑湖湖泊的入湖污染物及其生态环境效应变化。结果表明:近40年来剑湖湖泊面积呈现先明显减少再增加后缓慢减少的变化规律,由1974年的504.47 hm~2减至2015年的451.72 hm~2;目前剑湖水体中COD含量较低,符合地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;TP含量满足Ⅲ类标准;TN含量仅可满足IV类标准;剑湖入湖的主要污染源是农村生活污染和农业面源污染;随着时间的演变剑湖湖泊TN、TP污染物浓度呈上升趋势,剑湖湖泊生态系统受到极大干扰。     

人工湿地植物水体净化效能研究进展

通过检索近20年来人工湿地植物在净化水质方面代表性文献,筛选出50种常见人工湿地植物,包括水生植物(挺水植物、浮水植物及浮叶植物、沉水植物)、湿生植物、旱生植物,对该50种常见植物的净化效能进行分析比较;指出湿地植物在净化水体时可能受物种、环境因子、种类配置模式三方面的影响;提出未来人工湿地植物选择应用方面发展方向为:应进一步扩大其种类的选择范围,加强探究维持其生长代谢的机理,加强与微生物的耦合作用完成水体污染物净化的效能研究,根据不同人工湿地和水体污染物类型进行配置等4个方面。     

梁平县境内高滩河水质的空间分布及其对土地利用方式的响应

以梁平县境内高滩河流域为研究对象,综合应用GIS空间分析、Pearson相关分析和RDA冗余分析方法,研究在子流域尺度上COD、BOD5、氨氮和总磷4种水质要素对土地利用方式的生态响应。结果表明:高滩河流域土地利用类型对水质要素有着重要影响,林地能够改善河道水环境,旱地和城镇村和工矿用地是COD、BOD5和氨氮的主要污染来源,园地、交通运输用地以及水域对污染物的影响较弱,说明农业面源污染和农村居民生活污染是高滩河水质恶化的主要原因。     

Contribution of precursor compounds to the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs)

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) are ubiquitous in sludge and water from waste water treatment plants, as a result of their incorporation in everyday products and industrial processes. In this study, we measured several classes of persistent PFASs,precursors, transformation intermediates, and newly identified PFASs in influent and effluent sewage water and sludge from three municipal waste water treatment plants in Sweden, sampled in 2015. For sludge, samples from 2012 and 2014 were analyzed as well.Levels of precursors in sludge exceeded those of perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonic acids(PFCAs and PFSAs), in 2015 the sum of polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid esters(PAPs) were 15–20 ng/g dry weight, the sum of fluorotelomer sulfonic acids(FTSAs) was 0.8–1.3 ng/g,and the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonamides and ethanols ranged from non-detected to 3.2 ng/g. Persistent PFSAs and PFCAs were detected at 1.9–3.9 ng/g and 2.4–7.3 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The influence of precursor compounds was further demonstrated by an observed substantial increase for a majority of the persistent PFCAs and PFSAs in water after waste water treatment. Perfluorohexanoic acid(PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)had a net mass increase in all WWTPs, with mean values of 83%, 28%, 37% and 58%,respectively. The load of precursors and intermediates in influent water and sludge combined with net mass increase support the hypothesis that degradation of precursor compounds is a significant contributor to PFAS contamination in the environment.     

北京市潮白河再生水补水河段水质时空变异

城市河道是城市再生水利用的主要载体,而人工湿地是城市再生水河道补水前主要的水质净化方式.为了解再生水补水与人工湿地对再生水补水段水质的影响,选取北京市潮白河再生水补水河段作为研究对象,利用聚类分析、判别分析及因子分析等方法对不同季节水体的水质情况进行分析.结果表明:研究区内水体氮磷污染严重,其中TN污染表现为NO₃--N、NO₂--N和NH₄+-N的混合型污染.聚类分析结果表明,水质在季节尺度上表现为丰水期（6-9月）和枯水期（2月、3月、5月和12月）两大类;在空间尺度上受再生水补水和湿地净化的影响表现为显著的空间差异性.判别分析结果表明,再生水补给对河道水质的影响无显著季节差异,湿地净化功能在丰水期和枯水期差异较大且丰水期湿地的净化效果最为明显.因子分析结果表明,再生水作为城市河道的补充水源,一方面对河道中的F-、Chl-a等起到稀释作用,另一方面使得水体中的N、P及离子含量增加;丰水期湿地的净化作用使水体中氮磷等有机营养物质含量及ρ（TDS）等显著降低.      

堆肥化处理TNT红水污染土壤

DNTS[二硝基甲苯磺酸盐,主要包括2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐)和2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐]是TNT (2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)红水污染土壤中主要污染物质,为研究堆肥化对土壤中DNTS的降解效果,采用有机废物堆肥方法,探讨堆肥化对TNT红水污染土壤中DNTS降解的可行性,以及温度、含水率和pH变化对降解效果的影响.结果表明,有机废物堆肥能处理TNT红水污染土壤,在堆肥60 d内,5个堆肥体系(猪粪+木屑、猪粪+麦壳、污泥+木屑、污泥+麦壳和马粪+木屑)对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率为65.5%~88.4%,对2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-的降解率为60.9%~100%.在第4天各堆肥体系的高温阶段(29.7~53.6℃),5个堆肥化体系中2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-总量的49.5%~67.3%被降解,说明各堆体的中温-高温阶段对有机物的降解起重要作用.堆体含水率随堆肥时间的延长呈下降趋势,在堆肥第8天,外源补水至体系含水率为50%,猪粪+麦壳体系对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率从70.2%增至88.4%,说明适当的外源补水可提高2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率.5个堆肥体系中pH均呈初期上升、后期下降并趋于稳定的趋势,但在整个堆肥过程中,堆体pH始终保持在7.3~8.3之间.研究显示,5个堆肥体系中猪粪+麦壳体系对DNTS的降解率最高,分别为88.4%和100%.