Toxicity assessment of 2,4-D and MCPA herbicides in primary culture of fish hepatic cells

In this study, we used primary cultures of fish hepatic cells as a tool for evaluating the effects of environmental contamination. Primary hepatic cell cultures derived from the subtropical fish Metynnis roosevelti were exposed to different concentrations (0.275, 2.75 and 27.5 μg L^?1) of the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). Cellular respiratory activity was evaluated by polarography using three substrates: 0.5 M glucose, 0.5 M succinate and 0.5 M α-ketoglutarate. Significant changes were observed in cellular oxygen consumption with 0.5 M α-ketoglutarate. Even at low concentrations, 2,4-D and MCPA were potent uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Primary cultures of M. roosevelti liver cells may provide a useful tool for the evaluation of environmental contaminant effects. A review of regulations regarding permitted concentrations of these herbicides is needed.     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜一EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有--OH和～c-c官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88％）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72．6％;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80．4％。     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析简

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40 h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜-EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有—OH和—CC官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88%）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72.6%;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80.4%。     

基于均衡价值论的生态产品定价与补偿标准研究

生态产品定价方法是完善生态补偿制度、落实生态产品市场化机制,以及实现绿水青山转化为金山银山的关键所在。本文基于均衡价值理论,从生产成本、生态效用与供求系数三方面构建生态产品的定价框架,并将其应用于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟禁牧区的生态补偿标准的计算中,进一步分析锡林郭勒盟各旗县自然、社会经济水平因素,构建差异化补偿标准分区方案。生态产品定价方法的研究可指导政府制定合理生态补偿标准,并为生态产品交易价格的磋商提供借鉴。     

Evaluating institutional fit for the conservation of threatened species

Recovery and conservation of threatened species require adequate institutional responses. We tested an approach to systematically identify and measure how an institutional framework acknowledges threats and required responses for the recovery of endangered species. We measured institutional functional fit with a drivers-pressure-state-impacts-response (DPSIR) model integrated with a quantitative text mining method and qualitative analysis of statutory instruments to examine regulatory responses that support the recovery of 2 endangered species native to Australia, the bridled nailtail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata) and the Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus). The key components of the DPSIR model were present in the institutional framework at statutory and operational levels, but some institutional gaps remained in the protection and recovery of the Eastern Bristlebird, including feral predator control, weed control, and grazing management in some locations. However, regulatory frameworks varied in their geographic scope and the application and implementation of many instruments remained optional. Quantitative text mining can be used to quickly navigate a large volume of regulatory documents, but challenges remain in selection of terms, queries of co-occurrence, and interpretation of word frequency counts. To inform policy, we recommend that quantitative assessments of institutional fit be complemented with qualitative analysis and interpreted in light of the sociopolitical and institutional context.     

区域水资源可持续利用评价方法对比研究

为进一步揭示几种典型的区域水资源可持续利用评价方法的特点与应用效果,论文选取两类共7种评价方法或模型,即综合指数型的PCA法、AHP法、灰色关联度法、改进序关系法和等级分类型的模糊综合评判法、BP神经网络、SVM模型。以福建省9个设区市为评价对象,结合DPSIR概念模型的内容,构建水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,从而在指标体系不变的条件下,分别进行区域水资源可持续利用评价,进而比较分析各方法的特点及其评价结果。研究表明：1）相同评价指标体系下,不同方法得到的评价结果有一定差别。2）PCA法和改进序关系法的评价结果一致性最高,其次是AHP与改进序关系法,且综合指数型方法中改进序关系法应用结果更可靠;灰色关联度法存在高估水资源可持续利用水平较低区域的评价值,且综合评价指数分布范围小、区域间分辨间隔较小的不足,而模糊综合评判、BP神经网络和SVM的评价结果差异较大,规律性不明显。3）常规的PCA、AHP、灰色关联度和模糊综合评判法的评价过程相对稳定,虽然BP神经网络和SVM模型能减少赋权的主观干预,但受指标等级标准划分、训练样本生成和参数设置等因素的影响,评价应用的稳定性相对差。4）与BP神经网络相比,SVM用于水资源可持续利用评价相对稳定,但SVM分类器对样本空间划分的状况则直接影响评价结果的可靠程度。     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax^?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m^-3, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m^-3) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax^?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m^-3). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax^?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (~1 μg·m^-3), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (~1 g·m^-3).     

国外环保节能技术新进展

概述了目前中国所处的外界环保和能源形势 ,介绍了国外发达国家在环保能源方面所采用的策略及科学方法 ,同时介绍了国外新出现的环保节能技术。文中还就中国应该采取的措施提出看法     

Transport of a decay chain in homogenous porous media: analytical solutions

With the aid of integral transforms, analytical solutions for the transport of a decay chain in homogenous porous media are derived. Unidirectional steady-state flow and radial steady-state flow in single and multiple porosity media are considered. At least in Laplace domain, all solutions can be written in closed analytical formulae. Partly, the solutions can also be inverted analytically. If not, analytical calculation of the steady-state concentration distributions, evaluation of temporal moments and numerical inversion are still possible. Formulae for several simple boundary conditions are given and visualized in this paper. The derived novel solutions are widely applicable and are very useful for the validation of numerical transport codes.     

BOD5测定过程中稀释系数的确定

如何选取稀释系数是测定生化需氧量的关键。笔者通过理论推导,求出稀释系数与生化指标的关系,并经过汇总、分析本厂一年中进水的生化指标,从而求得稀释系数。实践证明该稀释系统适合本厂进水水质生化需氧量的测定。