土地利用规划环境影响评价的技术方法

评价方法的选择是实现土地利用规划环境影响评价的重点。借鉴项目环评和规划环评的某些方法，根据土地利用规划的层次、类型和阶段的特点，给出一个土地利用规划环评的方法集，并对几种主要方法的适用范围、优缺点进行分析，最后指出方法选择应注意的事项。     

大学英语教学文化渗透的重要性及其方法

目前,大学英语教学中普遍存在着这样的问题:片面强调词汇及语法知识的教学,而忽略了英美文化背景知识的传授.这就使得学生只会单纯的记忆词汇、分析语法结构,对英美文化知识却知之甚少,从而导致了对文章中出现的与文化有关的内容不理解.为了让同行们认识到这个问题给学生的英语学习所带来的不良影响,笔者从四个方面阐述了大学英语教学中文化渗透的重要性,并对文化渗透的5种方法运用课文中的实例,进行了深入详尽的论述.     

系统安全分析方法的比较研究

系统安全分析方法在安全系统工程中占有着重要的地位，是保证生产系统安全运行的基础。当前我国在安全分析方法的使用上仍然存在着很多的纰漏和错误。由于现有的危险性分析方法都有其局限性，一般限于某个或某些行业。为此，在分析之初，分析人员必须对现有的危险性分析方法有一个全面的了解。研究的目的在于通过对各种分析方法的了解和对比，能够全面的把握各种方法的优缺点及适用范围，更好地将理论应用于实际。     

大型桥梁防洪影响评估方法研究

从桥梁建筑、桥梁壅水与洪水侵桥等3方面,定性、定量、全面系统地研究了发生50年一遇或100年一遇洪水灾害时,大型桥梁防洪影响的评估分析方法,并结合实例,验证了所提方法的适用性与可靠性,在此基础上,提出了减轻和避免不利影响的对策及改善措施.     

The Appropriateness of Snowmobiling in National Parks: An Investigation of the Meanings of Snowmobiling Experiences in Yellowstone National Park

The debate over snowmobiling and other types of motorized recreation in US national parks signals the need for a better understanding of the meanings of these experiences. The fundamental issue facing many parks is whether snowmobiling is an appropriate activity. The matter of appropriateness is anchored in two questions: (1) Does snowmobiling in national parks cause unacceptable biophysical and social impacts? (2) Are snowmobiling experiences consistent with the fundamental purposes of national parks? This article particularly addresses the appropriateness issue and presents the findings of an interpretive study of the meanings of snowmobiling experiences in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Sixty-five semistructured interviews were conducted with winter visitors who used snowmobiles in the park during the winter season of 1999. Overall, the study findings reveal that visitors on snowmobiles view YNP as a place to experience its wildland attributes, such as natural scenery, geothermal features, and, especially, wildlife. Snowmobiling is perceived as a mode of transportation rather than the experience in and of itself. The results challenge the popular image of snowmobiles as thrill-craft and snowmobilers as thrill-seekers. The study demonstrates that snowmobiling in YNP affords highly meaningful recreational experiences, grounded in appreciating the park’s unique natural features and attributes.     

海安地区近1000年来的气候变化与洪灾

对海安地区史志资料作了搜集与整理,利用Mann-Kendall法对该区1951年以来汛期总量与夏季最高温作了突变检测分析,以对该区近1000年来洪旱灾害的发生规律做一探讨.结果表明,小冰期时期湿润与波动剧烈的气候条件是研究区频繁发生水灾的一个重要因素,同时研究区地势低平,极易遭受水灾、热带风暴及海潮涨溢的影响.MK突变检验表明,研究区汛期总量的突变发生时间大致在20世纪60年代中期,而历年夏季最高温序列在20世纪90年代中期发生突变,具体时间大致在1993年左右.汛期总量在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,但在其后汛期径流量又呈上升趋势;夏季最高温在20世纪90年代以前呈波动下降趋势,而在其后呈波动上升趋势,夏季最高温与汛期总量变化趋势相一致.夏季极端高温事件发生概率的增大可能导致洪灾事件的增多,因而在未来气候持续变暖的情景下,研究区乃至长江下游防洪抗灾任重而道远.     

新一代评估方法——锥形量热仪(CONE)法在材料阻燃研究中的应用

利用新一代评估方法———锥形量热仪法对材料阻燃机理、材料危险性等级划分、烟毒释放评价、材料燃烧性及阻燃性评价等方面的应用进行了分析讨论 ,结果表明锥形量热仪法对阻燃剂、阻燃制品的研究开发及阻燃剂在火灾中的行为研究具有重要意义。     

APPLICATION OF THE HEC-4 MONTHLY STREAM FLOW SIMULATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The HEC-4 monthly stream flow simulation model, developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, California, is used to extend the available historical stream flow records in the Central Ohio area. The principal objective of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the HEC-4 model in generating synthetic monthly flows. Important statistical parameters are evaluated in order to relate the statistical properties of the historical and generated flows. In doing so, it is observed that the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of the generated flows are consistently larger than the corresponding estimates based on historical flows. However, results show that these statistics, as well as the lag-1 serial correlation, are generally well maintained by the generated sequences. The degree to which any statistical dissimilarities would be critical, from an engineering design point of view, is demonstrated by utilizing their low flow characteristics. Estimates of reservoir safe-yields, based on a nonsequential mass-curve analysis of the historical and generated low flows, indicate a nominal difference in this particular study.     

SMALL FISH MODELS FOR IDENTIFYING CARCINOGENS IN THE AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Contaminants in water and sediments can be carcinogenic to aquatic wildlife as well as humans. Identifying those carcinogens, however, is difficult because they often occur in low concentrations and exert their effects over a large part of the life span of affected organisms. Furthermore, the carcinogens are often components of complex mixtures. Recent studies suggest that laboratory-reared fish species might be well suited for testing water-associated and other carcinogens. Here, we review the principal carcinogen exposure methods that utilize small fish species or can be adapted to utilize small fish species to detect carcinogens in aqueous environments. Emphasis is placed on methods for which the end-point is tumor induction. The methods discussed are dietary exposures, skin painting, embryo microinjection, early life stage (pulse) exposures, static water exposures, flow-through exposures, and controlled field exposures. Early life stage exposures seem to have the greatest utility with regard to carcinogen sensitivity, ease of administration, disposal of test compounds, and economy of materials and effort. For certain types of carcinogens, however, long-term flow-through exposures are probably required. In summary, small fish carcinogenesis models offer an array of methodologies that can be utilized in a variety of combinations depending on compounds tested, exposure parameters employed, and end points sought.