采用商业混合菌种测定BOD5的可行性

通过实验,对比研究了采用商业混合菌种（Polyseed）改进传统方法测定BOD5的可行性。研究结果表明,相比于采用地表水作为接种水的传统方法,采用进口商业混合菌种配制接种稀释水BOD5（空白值）更稳定,可以改进传统BOD5测定方法,使得日常监测工作更为便捷。     

多元回归和BP人工神经网络在预测混合厌氧消化产气量过程中的应用比较

对脂肪类单基质和城市污水厂剩余污泥混合厌氧消化过程的产气阶段进行基于多元回归和BP人工神经网络的产气量预测模型比较研究。实验数据分别取自反应过程的第1～16天和第17～70天。结果表明:多元回归模型的预测平均准确率分别为75.69%和79.29%;BP神经网络模型的预测平均准确率为79.05%。通过对比2种模型的预测结果可知,两种模型都有较高的预测准确率,但BP模型的预测准确率更高,更适用于混合厌氧消化产气量预测。     

间接制冷换热器除霜方案研究

目的对以载冷剂为冷媒,用于极端低温气候环境实验室的换热器的除霜问题进行研究,获得可行的除霜设计方案。方法从抑霜和融霜两个方面出发,设计包含变片距结霜换热器的内融霜和外融霜两种除霜方案,并搭建实验台对除霜方案进行实验研究。结果变片距结霜换热器迎风面结霜严重,背风面轻度结霜,内融霜可在3.5 min完成,而外融霜需要2倍的时间。内融霜结束后继续加热换热器,并配合新风置换可在20 min内除去化霜后的附着水。结论变片距结霜换热器能够有效对来流空气进行预除湿,抑制主换热器结霜,内融霜效果最好且目前以蒸汽为热源、内融霜为主、新风吹扫为辅的除霜系统已应用于大型气候环境实验室。     

Neural tube defects in the sample of genetic counselling

Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the major demographic details, diagnostical and clinical features, as well as the risk of recurrence of cases with the major types of neural tube defects (NTD). We also examined the efficiency of ultrasonography based on autopsy examinations during 26 years. Methods The investigations were made into the sample of 743 NTD diagnosed between 1 January 1976 and 31 December 2002. A computerized database was used to sum up the available information about the individual cases; in addition to surveying the couples' major demographic details, we also had the opportunity to collect detailed information about the history, diagnostics (ultrasound) and outcome of the pregnancies as well as the results of the autopsies during the investigation. Results In the 743 cases of NTD, maternal and paternal median ages turned out to be 23.7 years (±5.22 years) and 28.7 years (±5.81 years), respectively. The male:female ratio was 0.78. Comparable samples of anencephaly and spina bifida allowed for the conclusion that a positive genetic history was equally often found while a positive obstetrical history was almost twice as common in anencephaly. The sensitivity of the maternal serum-alpha fetoprotein (AFP) screening test is the highest in anencephaly and lowest in encephalocele. While the majority of cases of anencephaly were diagnosed before the 24th gestational week, examples of diagnosing spina bifida and encephalocele at a later time could also be found. Among the associated malformations other than those of the central nervous system special mentioning should be made of fetal pyelectasia, cleft palate as well as diaphragmatic herniation. No pathological karyotypes were found in association with encephalocele or spina bifida, but anencephaly was accompanied with trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 in one case each. Anencephaly was found to have the highest risk of recurrence in both nervous system malformations and malformations other than those of the nervous system. Sonography proved to be the most reliable method in cases of enecephalocele. Conclusion The respective median values of maternal and paternal age show that aetas has no role in the occurrence of NTDs. NTDs are more common among girls. Positive genetic, obstetrical and medical findings are of great importance in the incidence of NTDs. Although reliable to only a limited extent, maternal serum-AFP tests are considered to be useful and necessary in screening NTDs, while sonography is the gold standard method in recognizing these frequent malformations. The knowledge of the eventual associated malformations is mainly important in certain cases of spina bifida, which may also yield a good post-natal prognosis. Our data obtained from the sample of 26 years also confirm that the periconceptional administration of folic acid reduces the incidence and risk of recurrence of NTDs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Joint operation rules considering the uncertainty of energy available for multiple cascaded hydropower system

Multi-reservoir operation rules have been widely used in practice operation. The operation rules are often derived from historical or simulated run-off information through implicit stochastic optimization or parameterization-simulation-optimization. The output decisions of operation rules are usually obtained without considering inflow forecasting or using perfect runoff forecast information, which is hardly implemented in practical applications. This paper proposes robust joint operation rules for multiple cascaded reservoirs considering the uncertainty of energy available. The rule parameters are optimized using multi-step genetic algorithm for minimum-power maximization. A case study for a three-cascaded-reservoirs system shows that, compared with deterministic joint operation rules, the accuracy of energy available estimation of joint operation rules is increased by 2.3%, considering inflow uncertainty. The simulated minimum-power decision of joint operation rules considering the uncertainty of energy available is 40.4% higher than that of determinate joint operation rules. Results indicate that there is a possibility of obtaining greater and more effective power decisions through the joint operation rules considering the uncertainty of available energy.     

基于ANN分类的农田遥感动态监测模型研究

保护基本农田是我国农业可持续发展的基础和前提,动态监测基本农田在时间和空间上的变化能够为农业开发政策的制定,农业经济发展的规划与管理提供有效的辅助决策手段。论文利用人工神经网络的BP算法实现了对两个时期的遥感影像进行基本农田类型的分类提取,在保证精度的前提下,探索了一条把单要素监测和多要素监测相结合的遥感动态监测模型,并详细描述了模型实现的算法与步骤。最后利用该模型对实验区进行了监测,并对监测结果进行了分析,结果表明模型很好地评估了研究区基本农田的数量和发展潜力,定性、定量、定位地揭示了研究区基本农田类型在时空上的变化规律。     

水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定全程质量控制

质量控制是环境监测赖以生存和发展的基础,加强全程质量控制才能确保监测数据的准确性和可靠性。结合环境监测工作实际,应用最新修订国标方法-稀释与接种法(HJ505-2009)对水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定进行了全程质量控制技术探讨。概述了方法原理,简介了方法所需仪器与试剂,深入探讨了运用该方法进行水和废水中五日生化需氧量测定全程质量控制技术问题。指出在最新修订国标方法基础上,正确进行水样干扰消除和预处理操作,准确确定水样稀释倍数,严格控制测定和培养温度,优先选取电化学探头法测定溶解氧浓度,准确进行测定结果数据处理,切实规范监测数据结果填报,能够在确保水样五日生化需氧量测定精密度和准确度的同时简化大批量成分复杂水样测定过程。