长三角城市群PM2.5时空变化和影响因素分析

为协调经济发展与环境污染之间的矛盾,实现经济社会的可持续发展.以长三角城市群为研究区,基于PM_2.5浓度和气象数据,分析PM_2.5浓度的时空变化规律,并利用小波相干（WTC）、偏小波相干（PWC）和多小波相干（MWC）,评估PM_2.5与气象因子在时频域中的多尺度耦合振荡.结果表明：①②③④⑥⑤⑦⑧⑨⑩长三角城市群PM_2.5浓度年均值由西北向东南梯度递减,高值区域空间范围逐年缩小.PM_2.5浓度季节均值与年均值的空间分布特征相似,并且具有冬季最高,夏季最低,春秋过渡的特点.② PM_2.5浓度从2015~2021年逐年下降,达标率逐年上升.PM_2.5浓度差异逐年缩小,具有动态收敛性特征.PM_2.5浓度在夏季的收敛性大于冬季.PM_2.5浓度日均值具有U型振荡特征,整个研究期间PM_2.5浓度等级为优和良的天数占比分别为49.72%和41.45%.③ PM_2.5与气象因子的相干性在不同时频域上存在差异.时频尺度不同,影响PM_2.5的主控因子也不尽相同.在所有时频尺度上,WTC结果表明风速可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量,PWC结果表明温度可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量.④时频尺度越大,多变量组合解释PM_2.5变化的相互作用越强,而温度和风速的协同作用可以更好地解释PM_2.5变化.结果可为长三角城市群空气污染防治提供参考.     

Symptoms and musculoskeletal diseases in hospital nurses and in a group of university employees: a cross-sectional study

Background. Most studies have shown that nurses have a higher risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms compared with other occupational groups. Aim. A cross-sectional study was performed to gain more insight into the prevalence rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nurses. Methods. The presence of musculoskeletal symptoms was revealed by personal interviews in a sample of 177 hospital nurses and in a reference group of 185 university employees. Musculoskeletal diseases were based on radiological examinations in all subjects. Results. Lower back pain (61% vs 42.2%) was the most frequently reported symptom, followed by neck pain (48.6% vs 38.4%) and shoulder pain (36.7% vs 25.9%), with a significantly higher prevalence in nurses. Women had about a 2-fold risk of upper limb region and neck pain compared with men. The most common abnormal findings on radiological examinations were disc herniations (n?=?40). Conclusions. Nurses showed a significantly higher risk of MSDs. Prevalence rates in nurses increased significantly with age. Musculoskeletal symptoms were also common in university employees. This suggests the need for effective intervention strategies involving workers’ active participation, in order to improve the process and organization of work and promote a positive psychosocial work environment.     

电器产品测试用供水系统的研制

本文介绍的是一种能为与水源连接的电器产品安全及性能测试提供高精度多参数供水系统的研制思路。本系统由PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)、模糊PID(管路及仪表布置图)调节仪、变频器、电动阀、计量泵等组成,实现了供水温度、压力、流量、电阻率、pH值、硬度等多参数的全自动控制。经实际测试,该供水系统各项参数均能达到标准规定的供水要求。     

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）含量的测量

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）的测量用称重法和计数法都有困难,文章提出用稀释气体降低含尘浓度后,用激光尘埃计数器测量其中细颗粒物的数量,计算出质量浓度的办法。     

广州市主干道附近大气污染物浓度的特征及影响因素研究

为研究城市主干道边的空气污染状况,通过采用自动监测系统,在2007年1月至2月期间,对广州市新港西路两侧以及附近大学校园内的空气质量进行监测,获得了其空气污染物浓度的特征：（1）空气污染水平高,NO2与PM10日均值超标率较高;（2）污染物时空分布不均匀,NO浓度白天通常比夜间高,路边监测点NO小时浓度为校园对照点浓度的3倍左右。同时,分析了污染物浓度与气象条件及主干道交通流量的关系。结果表明：污染物浓度与气象因素之间有较高的多元线性相关性,但与单个因素的相关性不强;路边监测点的NO小时浓度和校园对照点的N0。小时浓度均与车流量有较高的相关系数,而PM10与车流量无显著相关性。综合考虑气象因素与交通流时,多元线性回归方程的复相关系数更高。     

云南白水台现代钙华δ~(13)C的季节和空间变化特征研究

对云南白水台引水渠道中钙华沉积的δ13C值分析发现,白水台引水渠道中钙华δ13C值与降雨量有着较好的线性负相关关系,这一发现为下一步利用当地古钙华的δ13C数据重建古降水量提供了实验与理论基础。而造成雨季钙华δ13C值偏负的原因是雨后形成的低δ13C值的坡面流对高δ13C值的渠道水的稀释效应,降低了渠道水的δ13C值。水中贫13C的CO2逸出至大气是下游方向钙华δ13C偏正的主要原因。     

基于风险矢量图的多场景保护层分析方法研究*

为解决多场景保护层分析（LOPA）存在的问题,建立风险矢量导图,将事故场景、独立保护层、修正因子、事故后果发生频率等因素进行系统分析,分别采用最大值法求和法计算后果发生频率,探讨多重初始事件导致事故发生频率的最优计算方法;阐述点火源、暴露因子以及致死概率等修正因子的使用方法并提出改进建议,避免常规LOPA下致死概率过高的问题。以柴油加氢装置原料油缓冲罐液位过高风险点为例,进行多场景LOPA,应用综合计算法得出多重初始事件导致的液位高后果失效频率为3.2E-02。结果表明:风险矢量导图和正确使用修正因子可有效提高LOPA的质量;不同初始事件导致的场景失效频率值相差较大或存在共用保护层的情况适用最大值法,其他情况则可采用求和法;如果多场景同时适用最大值法和求和法,则采用综合计算法;求和法过于保守,最大值法过于乐观,综合计算法更为准确。     

基于特征指标的气象因子对PM2.5浓度的影响分析

以西安为研究区域,为探究气象因子对PM_2.5浓度的影响,采集2017-2019年空气质量与气象因子数据,改进k-Means聚类算法,形成严重污染、重度污染、中度污染、轻度污染共4个PM_2.5浓度与气象因子样本簇集。分析簇集数据分布,选择Spearman相关性分析方法,确定影响PM_2.5浓度的气象因子;定义PM_2.5凸显性条件,给出幅度特征FOA、浮动特征FOF和凸显特征FOH,构建三维空间,确定气象因子对PM_2.5影响的大小,进而建立气象因子对PM_2.5浓度的影响分析方法。比较多元线性回归和随机森林回归方法,结果表明:该方法提高了分析效率,且无需考虑因子选取和表达,能有效确定影响PM_2.5浓度的气象因子种类及影响程度。在低温、高湿、高压和相对静风的气象条件下,空气中颗粒物难以扩散和输送,使西安市PM_2.5浓度升高。严重污染、重度污染和中度污染中,PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度呈显著正相关,与风速、气温呈显著负相关,且影响大小依次为相对湿度>风速>气温;轻度污染中,PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度、气压呈显著正相关,与风速、气温呈显著负相关,且影响大小依次为气温>相对湿度>气压>风速。     

同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定氯化石蜡工业品中二噁英

氯化石蜡（CPs）作为一种用途广泛、产量大的有机氯化学工业品,具有组成多样、基质复杂等特点,对其中产生的二噁英（PCDD/Fs）检测是当前工作面临的难题。建立了同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法检测CPs工业品中PCDD/Fs的分析方法。对样品净化过程进行了优化,通过提取溶剂筛选,去除固体CPs中部分基质,建立的双活性炭柱法可高效去除CPs基质。方法采用¹³ C₁₂标记的PCDD/Fs内标物进行定性和定量分析。17种PCDD/Fs同系物的检出限为0.1～3 pg/g,回收率为31.7%～100%。该方法可对高纯度工业品中痕量持久性有机污染物进行高效的定性和定量分析,能够满足国家标准方法对PCDD/Fs检测的要求。     

Groundwater Nitrate Concentration Reductions in a Riparian Buffer Enrolled in the NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

Riparian buffers have been used for many years as a best management practice to decrease the effects of nonpoint pollution from watersheds. The NC Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (NC CREP) has established buffers to treat groundwater nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃^?‐N) from agricultural sources in multiple river basins. A maturing 46 m wide riparian buffer enrolled in NC CREP was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing groundwater NO₃^?‐N concentrations from a cattle pasture fertilized with poultry litter. Three monitoring blocks that included groundwater quality wells, water table wells, and soil redox probes, were established in the buffer. NO₃^?‐N concentrations decreased significantly across the buffer in all of the monitoring blocks with mean reductions of 76‐92%. Many biological processes, including denitrification and plant uptake, may have been responsible for the observed NO₃^?‐N reductions but could not be differentiated in this study. However, mean reductions in Cl^? concentrations ranged from 48‐65% through the blocks, which indicated that dilution was an important factor in observed NO₃^?‐N reductions. These findings should be carefully considered for future buffer enrollments when assigning nitrogen removal credits.