低强度超声波强化SMBR处理中的超声波参数优化研究

研究了利用低强度超声波强化低温一体式膜生物反应器（SMBR）污水生物处理中最优超声波参数的选择。结果表明,功率密度为0.27 W/L、辐照时间为20 min时,超声波对低温SMBR中COD去除的强化效果最佳。SMBR对NH3-N去除效果达到最佳时,超声波功率密度和辐照时间分别为0.27 W/L和15 min。综合考虑,选择更有利于低温时NH3-N去除的超声波参数：功率密度0.27 W/L、辐照时间15 min。经此超声波处理后COD、NH3-N的强化效果在24 h均能保持,故可设置超声波处理的时间间隔为24 h。     

波流式生态滤床氨氮去除效果及其微生物群落结构分析

利用波流式生态滤床处理受污染的河水,考察了其对氨氮的去除效果和沿程污染物转化情况,并采用扫描电镜、高通量测序手段解析了波流式生态滤床不同时间和位置基质上生物膜的细菌群落组成,分析了波流式生态滤床小试反应器中硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的分布特点,以探讨其去除氨氮的机理.结果表明,反应器稳定运行以后,对氨氮平均去除率为74.83%,基质表面可以观察到大量微生物,不同时期优势细菌有较大不同.反应器前部主要发挥硝化作用,中部发挥反硝化作用,硝化菌的分布呈现上多下少、前多后少的特点,使得氨氮在前端被快速去除;中部以黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)为代表的反硝化菌丰度较高,促进了反硝化作用的发挥,降低了出水中总氮浓度;不同部位样品中细菌多样性差别不大,微生物种群多样性随着水流方向呈现先增加,到后段减少的趋势.     

污水处理过程中膜故障分析与防治对策

膜分离作为一门新型的高效分离、浓缩、提纯和净化技术,是支撑循环经济和可持续发展的重要技术.详细分析了污水处理过程中膜故障产生机理,并给出了相应的防治对策.     

刍议多效蒸发处理含盐化工废水的进展

随着中国市场经济的发展,各种工业项目如雨后春笋般在中国各地兴起,随之而来的是给生态环境带来的巨大压力。化工项目一般都伴随着废水、废气、固废的产生。其中废水的排放尤其要引起重视,近年来国内很多研究人员都在研究含盐化工废水的回收利用。文中围绕多效蒸发处理含盐化工废水的技术工艺展开论述,对国内在多效蒸发技术方面的应用进展进行简要概述。     

对氯气校正法测定高氯废水化学需氧量的方法研究

氯气校正法(HJ/T70-2001)是测定高氯废水化学需氧量的国标方法,为了减少样品测定过程带来的环境污染,研究在不改变HJ/T70-2001氧化体系及测试条件的情况下,将取样体积由20 mL减半为10 mL,试剂的使用量相应减半,对方法的检出限、相对误差、相对标准偏差等指标进行验证。结果表明,该方法的检出限符合要求,准确度较高,精密度较好,可用于高氯废水化学需氧量的测定。     

A Characterization of Selected Endocrine Disruptor Compounds in a Portuguese Wastewater Treatment Plant

Anthropogenic compounds that are able to disrupt the endocrine system of wildlife species are a major cause for concern and have led to a demand for new screening methods. The identification and quantification of endocrine disruptor compounds at wastewater treatment plant is of major interest to assess the endocrine activity of wastewater treatment plant discharges into the environment. This study consists of a preliminary survey of concentrations of previously selected endocrine disruptor compounds, undertaken to establish environmental concentrations and to support a biological program assay exposing freshwater fish to them. Selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (APEs, bisphenol A and 17 β-estradiol) were measured in samples from a wastewater treatment plant located in Lisbon (Portugal), using recent commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and also LC-MS/MS. The results show that the wastewater treatment plant treatment process is efficient on the removal of target endocrine disruptor compounds. However, environmentally significant concentrations are still present in the treated effluent. The results also show that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit is suitable for routine analysis of the selected compounds. The results are also useful since the wastewater treatment plant is located in a Mediterranean region, which results in an effluent with its own characteristics.     

Fruit Stones from Industrial Waste for the Removal of Lead Ions from Polluted Water

Lead, one of the earliest metals recognized and used by humans, has a long history of beneficial use. However, it is now recognized as toxic and as posing a widespread threat to humans and wildlife. Treatment of lead from polluted water and wastewater has received a great deal of attention. Adsorption is one of the most common technologies for the treatment of lead-polluted water. This technique was evaluated here, with the goal of identifying innovative, low-cost adsorbent. This study presents experiments undertaken to determine the suitable conditions for the use of peach and apricot stones, produced from food industries as solid waste, as adsorbents for the removal of lead from aqueous solution. Chemical stability of adsorbents, effect of pH, adsorbents dose, adsorption time and equilibrium concentration were studied. The results reveal that adsorption of lead ions onto peach stone was stronger than onto apricot stone up to 3.36% at 3 h adsorption time. Suitable equilibrium time for the adsorption was 3–5 h (% Pb adsorption 93% for apricot and 97.64% for peach). The effective adsorption range for pH in the range was 7–8. Application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models show high adsorption maximum and binding energies for using these adsorbents for the removal of lead ions from contaminated water and wastewater.     

钢渣吸附-微波降解法处理碱性品红废水

研究了钢渣对碱性品红染料的吸附性能、影响因素以及微波对吸附在钢渣-焦炭上的染料的降解作用。实验表明,在中性条件下,钢渣对碱性品红具有优良的吸附性能,饱和吸附量可达到42．4mg／g。以钢渣处理质量浓度为100mg/L的碱性品红溶液,当固液质量比为1：50、振荡吸附1h后,染料溶液脱色率达97％。实验还表明,焦炭可吸收微波产生高温,用钢渣-焦炭混合物（质量比1：1）吸附染料后,以微波辐照可使物料达到665℃的高温,吸附的染料降解。吸附剂再生后重复使用4次,脱色率都达到95％以上。     

生物膜法污水处理用新型纤维素载体的制备与性能

以麦草浆粕为原料,研究开发出了一种适用于生物膜法污水处理的多孔生物膜载体.实验通过对麦草浆粕碱化、黄化制备出酯化均匀的纤维素粘胶,并在此基础上选取合适的发泡成孔技术和纤维素再生工艺得到多孔纤维素载体成品.实验考察了各制备条件对载体性能的影响,总结出了该工艺下性能最优的载体的制备条件.研究结果表明,制得载体的孔隙率可达85%,比表面积在11m2·g-1以上,孔径从100μm～800μm均可人为控制.制得的多孔纤维素载体成本低廉,用于污水处理效果十分良好.     

圆筒形电化学反应器中有机物电催化的传递特性研究

研究了圆筒形电化学反应器内有机物在电化学降解过程中的传递特性.假设废水以平推流方式通过圆筒形反应器,由电催化过程的质量守恒和法拉第定律导出浓度、电流强度随废水停留时间的变化规律.根据废水中有机物的电化学降解和有机物氧化分解的关系将浓度分布转换成COD分布,并考察了扩散对COD、电流强度分布的影响理论模型和实验数据表明,在传质控制条件下忽略与不忽略扩散的影响,COD、电流强度的分布遵循不同的指数关系.理论模型与实验数据的平均误差为8.6%;极限电流随电解质流量的变化而改变.